1. When the house had been built, we got a new flat. 2. As the key had been lost, she couldnt get into the room. 3. As the road had been repaired, we could go there by bus. 4. When the waiting-room had been cleaned, the passengers were let in. 5. As all the tickets had been sold out, we couldnt see the performance.
4. , 䳺 .
1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , .
Lesson 19
IJ
䳺 -ing, 䳺 .
, : reading , listening .
, . , , 䳺, 䳺.
19.1 ij
䳺 :
) 䳺 :
| like reading books. | . |
| She began preparing food. | . |
) , :
| They continued listeningattentively. | . |
) , . Present Participle.
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | writing | being written |
| Perfect | having written | having been written |
(Perfect Gerund) , 䳿, 䳺- .
| Thank you for having helpedme. | , . |
(Indefinite Gerund) :
) 䳿, 䳺, 䳺- .
| He sat without turning his head. | ³ , . |
| She is interested in collecting stamps. | . |
) 䳿 :
| Seeingis believing. | . |
| Addition is the process of finding the sum of two or more than two numbers. | . |
) 䳺 to intend , to suggest , to insist Indefinite Gerund 䳿, 䳺-.
| had intended writing him. | ³ . |
| insisted on telling her how it happened. | ³ , , . |
) 䳿, 䳿, 䳺-, 䳺 to thank ; to forget ; to remember ', ; to excuse ; to apologize ., on after.
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| Thank you for helpingme. | , . |
| don't remember seeing either of them. | ', - . |
| On receiving the telegram we went to the station to meet our friends. | , . |
, , , ' 䳿, 䳺:
| Marycould not helplaughing. | . |
, , , ' 䳿.
| But hehas no right to come without being invited. | , . |
ij, 䳺, , .
19.2
:
) :
| Smokingis harmful. | . |
) :
| His hobby is collecting stamps. | . |
) ( ):
| likes talkingto me. | ³ . |
| She is fond of painting. | . |
, :
) 䳺 , :
| Nobody thought of going to bed. | ͳ . |
) 䳺, , :
| Don't fear my forgetting her. | He , . |
| Would you mind my openingthe window? | , ? |
| insist on my sister's stayingat home. | , . |
19.3
䳺 , . 䳺, , :
| Thank you for telling me. | , . |
| She could not keep from crying. | , . |
| am fond of reading. | . |
ϳ 䳺 . , , , 䳺, . ϳ 䳺 :
) to avoid ; to finish ; to suggest ; to leave off, to give up ; to go on, to keep on ; cannot help ( ). 䳺 :
| We finished dressing. | . |
| They went on eating. | . |
| cannot help asking. | . |
| left off ironing. | . |
) to enjoy , ; to excuse, to forgive ; to put off, to postpone ; to delay ; ; to fancy ( ); to mind ( ). 䳺 :
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| don't mind telling you. | , . |
| Fancy going for a walk in such weather! | ! |
) to want, to need, to require . ϳ 䳺 . 䳺 , :
| The house wants repairing. | ( ). |
䳺 to begin, to start ; to continue ; to propose ; to like ; to try ; to refuse ( ); to intend ; to forget ; to prefer :
| The children began playing. | ij . |
| Then they began to whisper. | . |
| She continued sitting motionless. | . |
| He continued to live with his parents. | ³ . |
䳺 , 䳺. , 䳺 to stop 䳺 , , :
| They stoppedreading the notice. | '. |
| stopped to readthe notice. | ³ , '. |
like , busy , worth :
| She was busy translating the article. | . |
| They were not worthlookingat. | . |
| don't feel like working. | . |
( of), :
| She had come with the intention of sayingsomething definite. | . |
| You have always been inthe habit of giving her playthings. | . |
, , :
writing-paper
dancing place
Present Participle. , 䳺 , , , :
a dancing girl ,
(, 䳿 .):
| They ate without talking. | , . |
| Upon reaching the park he waited and waited and Carrie did not come. | , , . |
䳺 . , , 䳺 . On coming home he began to work coming , Coming home he began to work Coming 䳺, , .
19.4 䳺
³䳺 (the verbal noun) , 䳺 -ing. 䳺 䳺 , :
) 䳺 , : the sittings of the commission ;
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) 䳺 , 䳺, ; : the raising of living standard ;
) 䳺 ( , 䳺 ):
| like rapidreading. | . |
19.5
:
) 䳺 ():
| I thought of coming to see you. | . |
) :
| He has a lot of medals for saving peoples lives. | . |
| He liked riding, rowing and fencing. | ³ , . |
) 䳺:
| And they continued their work without looking up. | , . |
| She changed the room by paining the walls green. | , . |
) 䳺 () :
| She was trying to approach without his seeing her. | , . |
| Excuse my leaving you. | , . |
19.6 䳺
Complexes with the gerund
. He stopped working and smiled ³ , 䳺 (working), ( , ).
I dont forgive you for being late for dinner , .
, . (ᒺ ) 䳺 , 䳿, 䳺. :
| Dont fear my forgetting Aunt Alice. | , . |
. , , , :
| They were afraid of my finding out the truth. | , . |
| They told us of Peters coming there. | , . |
, , 䳺 , , , :
| I hadnt much hope of his plan working. | 䳿 , . |
| I hadnt much hope of its working. | 䳿 , () . |
, . ᒺ :
| I remember his sister taking part in the concert. | , . |
| I do not like him going there. | , . |
:
) :
| Your cominghere is very desirable. | . |
| It's no use my telling you a lie. | ? |
) ( ):
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|
|
| Forgive my saying it. | , . |
| insist upon your staying. | , . |
) :
| don't know the reasonof your leaving. | '. |
) :
| entered the room without hisseeing it. | , . |
19.7
Gerund
1. , .
1. Have you finished writing? 2. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful. 3. I like skiing, but my sister prefers skating. 4. She likes sitting in the sun. 5. It looks like raining. 6. My watch wants repairing. 7. Thank you for coming. 8. I had the pleasure of dancing with her the whole evening. 9. Let's go boating. 10. He talked without stopping. 11. Some people can walk all day without feeling tired. 12. Iron is found by digging in the earth. 13. Jane was fond of reading.
2. , .
1. Thank you for having helped me. 2. Can you remember having seen this man before? 3. After being corrected by the teacher, the students papers were returned to them. 4. I understand perfectly your wishing to start the work at once. 5. She is interested in collecting stamps. 6. He has no right to come without being invited. 7.He likes talking to me. 8. She is fond of painting. 9. He likes driving a car, but he dislikes being driven. 10. The watch was still going in spite of having been dropped on the floor. 11. I remember having shown her the letter. 12. He likes being invited by his friend.
3. , .
1. My watch keeps (stop). 2. I suggested (go) by sea. 3. The taxi-driver tried to stop in time, but he couldnt avoid (hit) the old woman. 4. Please, go on (write). 5. Its no use (wait). 6.The book is worth (read). 7. When I came he was busy (write) a letter to his friend. 8. I didnt feel like (work) so I suggested (spend) the day in the country. 9. Where is Ann? She is busy (do) her homework. 10. He insisted on (help) me. 11. You should clean your teeth before (go) to bed. 12. After (walk) for three hours we decided to have a rest. 13. Would you mind (come) again in a day or two? 14. I dont mind (do) this exercise. 15. She stopped (visit) us. 16. Im very sorry for (be) late. 17. The shoes need (repair).
4. , .
1. Why do you avoid (to speak) to me? 2. She tried to avoid (to speak) to. 3. The doctor insisted on (to send) the sick man to hospital. 4. The child insisted on (to send) home at once. 5. He had a strange habit of (to interfere) in other people's business. 6. I was angry at (to interrupt) every other moment. 7. He was always ready for (to help) people. 8. He was very glad of (to help) in his difficulty. 9.The problem is not worth (to discuss).
5. , .
1. You never mentioned (to be) to Greece. 2. I dont remember ever (to meet) your sister. 3. I dont remember (to ask) this question by anybody. 4. The cat was punished for (to break) the cup. 5. The cat was afraid of (to punish) and hid itself under the sofa. 6. I am quite serious in (to say) that I dont want to go abroad. 7. She confessed to (to forget) to send the letter. 8. The old man could not stand (to tell) what he should do. 9. This monument is worth (to see). 10. After (to examine) thoroughly by the examination commission, the student was given a satisfactory mark. 11. She reproached me for (not to write) to her. 12. After (to look) through and (to mark) the students papers, the teacher handed them back. 13. This job is not worth (to take). 14. These clothes want (to wash). 15. David was very glad of (to find) his aunt.
6. , 䳺.
1. I have no idea of his leaving London. 2. His being invited to take part in this conference is natural. 3. The engineer told us about his having been invited to the research institute. 4. She did not object to my doing the room. 5. I understand your wishing to start the work at once. 6. I object to his being sent there. 7. I am surprised at their having lost the game. 8. They insisted on my taking part in the competition. 9. I enjoy her playing. 10. Forgive my saying it.
7. ǒ . .
1. Would you mind lending me 20 dollars? 2. Dick went on asking about friends. 3. What are you fond of doing? 4. I remember having seen this film. 5. He gave up smoking. 6. Is it possible to learn English without working hard? 7. Mother is busy cooking dinner. 8. This TV set is worth buying. 9. I am proud of having been invited to the party. 10. The workers succeeded in completing the construction of the plant in time. 11. I am sorry for not telling you about it. 12. It is no use learning rules without examples. 13. I enjoyed seeing this performance. 14. I am looking forward to getting a letter from you. 15. She insisted on being sent to England. 16. After finishing school he worked at the plant. 17. I thank you for helping me.
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8. ǒ . .
1. He is busy looking for the books for his report. 2. The house is old, and it needs painting. 3. He achieved results by raising temperature. 4. On returning home he began translating the text. 5. We understood the article without translating it. 6. Smoking cigarettes is bad for you. 7. On arriving at the office, she noticed that her secretary was absent. 8. I object to paying good money for badly made products. 9. Do you mind my asking you a question? 10.Experiments showed that all gases expand on heating. 11. By doing nothing we learn nothing. 12. Our engineers succeeded in creating a new device.
9. , - ing- 䳺- - ing- 䳺. .
1. We all listened with great interest to the speaker criticizing the new book. 2. Criticizing the work of our club, he said that it was not satisfactory. 3. I have no objection to your criticizing me. 4. Running water is always better than standing water. 5. Returning home after a good holiday is always pleasant. 6. Returning home after a good holiday he looked the picture of health. 7. In this factory much attention is paid to protecting the health of the workers. 8. Having prepared all the necessary equipment, they began the experiment. 9. Reading books out-of-doors is his favourite way of spending the summer holidays, but he likes swimming and fishing as well. 10. My greatest pleasure is travelling.
10. , - ing- - ing- 䳺. .
1. The building of this house will cost much money. 2. Sleeping is necessary. 3. The motorcar was carefully examined before starting. 4. He spent much time on the copying of his literature lectures. 5. You should think before speaking. 6. The students found the reading of English newspapers rather difficult. 7. What do you mean by saying that? 8. Your hair wants cutting. 10. I like rapid reading.
11. , - ing- 䳺, -ing- - ing- 䳺. .
1. Im not very friendly with him, so I was surprised by his asking me to dinner. 2. Travelling is a pleasant way of improving education. 3. When studying at the University, he published several scientific articles. 4. Having received the telegram, they packed and left for Glasgo. 5. Im thinking of changing my job. 6. The driving wheel of the machine is broken. 7. Driving in a motorcar we passed many villages. 8. The driving of a modern car gives me a lot of pleasure.9. We sat by the river-side listening to the running of the water. 10. The plant being built in our town will produce motorcycles. 11. He made his money by buying and selling cars. 12. Do you mind my smoking?
12. , 䳺, .
1. I am glad to invite you to the conference. 2. I am glad to be inviting you to the conference. 3. I am glad to have invited you to the conference. 4. I am glad to be invited to the conference. 5. I am glad to have been invited to the conference. 6. He asked to be shown the new pictures. 7. The student reading a book is my friend. 8. Having read a lot of books on this question, he was able to make a very interesting report. 9. When he was a little boy, he liked to listen to stories being read by his mother. 10. The book read by this student was returned to the library. 11. Having been read by the students, the magazines were returned to the library. 12. Being very tired we refused to go to the cinema. 13. Having lost the key, we could not get into our room. 14. Reading books is very important for us. 15. We know of his having read this book. 16. He is responsible for the text being read in time. 17. He objects to the meeting being fixed for Monday. 18. I heard of his being sent to the South. 19. We know of this book being read by many students
13. , , 䳺 . .
The Bees
I remember when I was a child (send) (visit) one of our numerous elderly eccentric aunts. She was mad about bees; the garden was full of bees, (hum) like telegraph poles. One afternoon she put on an enormous veil and a pair of gloves, locked us all in the cottage for safety, and went out (try) (get) some honey out of one of the hives. Apparently she did not stupefy them properly, or whatever it is to do, and when she took the lid off, the bees poured out and settled on her. We were watching all this through the window. We didnt know much about bees, so we thought this was all right, until we saw her (fly) round the garden (make) desperate attempts (avoid) the bees, (get) her veil tangled in the rosebushes. Eventually she reached the cottage and flung herself at the door. We couldnt open it because she had the key. We kept (try) (tell) her this, but her screams of agony and the humming of the bees drowned our voices. It was I believe Leslie who had the brilliant idea (throw) a bucket of water over her from the bedroom window. Unfortunately in his enthusiasm he threw the bucket as well. (Drench) with cold water and then (hit) on the head with a large iron bucket is irritating enough, but (fight off) a mass of bees at the same time makes the whole thing extremely trying. When we eventually got her inside she was so swollen as to be almost unrecognizable.
19.8 ϳ
䳺
Verbals
1. 䳺.
1. I was tired of .. to write or to read.
a) to pretend; b) pretending; c) to have been pretending;
d) having pretended.
2. He didnt seem .. what she said.
a) hearing; b) to hear; c) to have heard; d) having heard.
3. She never minded .. alone at the cottage.
a) having been; b) to be; c) being; d) to have been.
4. They both paused .. to the voices on the stairs.
a) to have listened; b) being listened; c) to be listening; d) listening.
5. You are pretty good at .. your mouth shut.
a) keeping; b) being kept; c) to have kept; d) to keep.
6. His wife was in the bath. He could hear the water ..
a) running; b) to run; c) having run; d) to be running.
7. He saw John .. himself a cup of coffee.
a) to pour; b) to have been pouring; c) pour; d) to have poured.
8. Pardon me for .. you with my personal affairs.
a) to be troubling; b) troubling; c) to have troubled; d) being troubled.
9. Joe, Alice said, do have a sandwich. They are here ..
a) eating; b) to eat; c) to be eaten; d) to have been eaten.
10. Hurry up! There is no time ..
a) to lose; b) to have been lost; c) losing; d) having lost.
11. There was the sound of the piano ..
a) to play; b) to be played; c) to have been played; d) being played.
12. He is nowhere ..
a) found; b) finding; c) to be found; d) to have found.
13. He hardly looked at her while ..
a) talking; b) to be talking; c) to talk; d) to have been talking.
14. .. angry wouldnt help.
a) been; b) being; c) having been; d) to have been.
2. 䳺.
1. She didnt succeed in .. her sister talk.
a) made; b) to be made; c) making; d) being made.
2. Beryl insisted on .. in London.
a) to marry; b) being married; c) married; d) having been married.
3. She sat .. straight before her.
a) gazed; b) to gaze; c) gazing; d) to be gazing.
4. I think I hear Hector .. back.
a) to have come; b) to come; c) having come; d) coming.
5. She seemed .. or ..
a) written***drawn; b) to write***to draw;
c) to be writing***to be drawing; d) to be written***to be drawn.
6. Why didnt you make me .. about it and .. it off my heart?
a) talking; b) to talk; c) talk; d) having talked.
a) got; b)get; c) to get; d) to be getting.
7. .. my sister about it hurts me.
a) not to tell; b) not to be told; c) not telling; d) not to have been told.
8. Coming up I found my landlord .. quietly upstairs.
a) going; b) gone; c) to go; d) to have gone.
9. You are mistaking in .. me a beggar.
a) being supposed; b) supposing; c) to suppose; d) to be supposed.
10. Sam looked from side to side as though .. to escape.
a) to try; b) trying; c) having tried; d) to have tried.
11. The door .. out of the road was open.
a) to lead; b) led; c) leading; d) to have led.
12. He seemed .. all he wanted.
a) gaining; b) to gain; c) having gained; d) to have gained.
13. An urgent sense of .. caught me up.
a) being late; b) to be late; c) to have been late; d) having been late.
14. He never stopped looking for a chance to make us ..
a) obeying; b) to obey; c) obey; d) to have obeyed.
3. 䳺.
1. All the January morning the telephone kept .. in my office.
a) rung; b) to ring; c) to be ringing; d) ringing.
2. June watched her .. with cold water the traces of emotion.
a) to remove; b) removing; c) to have removed;
d) having been removed.
3. When .. she half closed her eyes and a dimple danced on her cheek.
a) to be laughed; b) laughed; c) laughing; d) having been laughed.
4. The novel The Moonstone by Collins deals with a .. jewel.
a) vanished; b) vanishing; c) being vanished; d) to be vanished.
5. I suspected that Mr. Heng was the more likely .. my presence.
a) to require; b) requiring; c) being required; d) required.
6. I drank slowly the green bitter tea, .. the handless cup from palm to palm.
a) to shift; b) shifting; c) being shifted; d) to have shifted.
7. It `s natural for you . that money governs England.
a) to be thought; b) to be thinking; c) thinking; d) to think.
8. He didnt want ..
a) being seen; b) to be seen; c) to see; d) having seen.
9. Then they heard the door-bell ..
a) to ring; b) to be ringing; c) ring; d) to have rung.
10. It was long after sunset, but no one thought of .. to bed.
a) to go; b) to be gone; c) going; d) having gone.
11. She seemed .. no attention to what was going round her.
a) to pay; b) paying; c) to have paid; d) to be paying.
12. He felt his irritation ..
a) to mount; b) mounting; c) being mounted; d) to have mounted.
13. The pills my doctor has given me make me .. rather odd.
a) feeling; b) to feel; c) feel; d) felt.
14. That woman is still sitting. She seems .. over an hour.
a) to be waiting; b) to have waited; c) to wait; d) to have been waiting.
4. 䳺.
1. Lady Franklin seemed .. an answer.
a) expecting; b) to expect; c) to be expected; d) to have been expecting.
2. .. after children requires patience.
a) looking; b) being looked; c) having looked; d) to have been looking.
3. He found Dora .. a novel in their bedroom.
a) reading; b) being read; c) to read; d) having read.
4. .. from the expedition he wrote a book about Central Africa.
a) returning; b) having returned; c) to return; d) to have been returned.
5. However hard he tried he could not stop .. about it.
a) to think; b) to be thinking; c) thinking; d) to have been thinking.
6. She felt somebody .. her gently by the hand.
a) to touch; b) touch; c) touched; d) to have touched.
7. The boy was made .. his story twice.
a) repeat; b) repeating; c) repeated; d) to repeat.
8. She didnt seem .. his unfriendly tone.
a) to have noticed; b) to notice; c) being noticed;
d) to have been noticed.
9. Do you mind .. these photos again?
a) seeing; b) having seen; c) to see; d) to have seen.
10. .. his work, he seemed more pleased than usual.
a) finished; b) finishing; c) having finished; d) being finished.
11. He felt the water .. his knees.
a) to reach; b) reached; c) being reached; d) reach.
12. The letter, .. with Dear sir was not signed.
a) beginning; b) begun; c) having begun; d) to begin.
13. He said he was looking forward to .. you again.
a) meet; b) being met; c) meeting; d) met.
14. The work can .. in two days.
a) do; b) to do; c) done; d) be done.
5. 䳺.
1. He let us .. the box.
a) to take; b) to be taken; c) take; d) taking.
2. He left the room again, .. the door behind him with a bang.
a) having closed; b) closing; c) closed; d) being closed.
3. Every second he kept .. at the clock.
a) glancing; b) to glance; c) to be glancing; d) to be glanced.
4. We are very sorry .. you, began Peter.
a) to disturb; b) disturbing; c) having disturbed; d) to have disturbed.
5. He kept late hours last night, he may still ..
a) to sleep; b) sleeping; c) be sleeping; d) have been sleeping.
6. He enjoyed .. and knew that he did it well.
a) teaching; b) to teach; c) being taught; d) to have been taught.
7. She turned and saw Shelton .. down there.
a) to stand; b) to be standing; c) having stood; d) standing.
8. .. all that was required, he was the last to leave the office.
a) doing; b) done; c) to do; d) having done.
9. Make your daughter .. you.
a) helping; b) help; c) to help; d) helped.
10. .. is believing.
a) to see; b) seen; c) seeing; d) having seen.
11. There are a great many things .. into consideration.
a) to take; b) to be taking; c) to be taken; d) taken.
12. It `s silly of me, but I can `t help .. anxious.
a) to feel; b) feeling; c) felt; d) having felt.
13. Your .. so indifferent irritates me a great deal.
a) being; b) to be; c) to have been; d) having been.
14. Ive never heard your canary ..
a) to sing; b) singing; c) to have sung; d) sing.
Lesson 20
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Ͳ
: the Conditional Mood, the Suppositional Mood, Subjunctive I, Subjunctive II.
The Conditional Mood
Conditional Mood 䳺 should would 䳺 to. should would, would.
, Conditional Mood Future-in-the-Past , .
Future-in-the-Past 䳿, :
| knew something would happentoday. | , . |
Conditional Mood 䳿, , , :
| should call on him but have very little time. | , . |
Conditional Mood : Present Past.
Present Conditional 䳺 should would 䳺 to, Future Indefinite-in-the-Past: (we) should/would work. He (she, it, you, they) would work.
Present Conditional , :
| But for the rain we wouldworkin the garden today. | , . |
| I'd buythe watch tomorrow but the shop will be closed. | , . |
Past Conditional 䳺 should/would 䳺, Future Perfect-in-the-Past:
(we) should/would have worked.
He (she, it, you, they) would have worked.
: (Perfect Infinitive) 䳺 to have 䳺 䳺: to have worked.
Past Conditional , , :
| Shewould have bought a watch but the shop was closed. | , . |
Conditional Sentences
| I | If the weather is fine, we shall play outside. If you ring me up, I shall tell you something. | , . , . |
| , . | ||
| II | If the weather were fine, we should play outside. If you rang me up, I should tell you something. | (, ), . (, ) , . |
| , . | ||
| III | If the weather had been fine, we should haveplayed outside. If you had rung me up, I should have told you something. | (), . () , . |
| , . |
20.1
Conditional Sentences
1. , , I, II, III .
E.g. If you ( to be ) free, I ( come ) to see you.
If you are free, I shallcome to see you.
If you were free, I shouldcome to see you.
If you had been free, I shouldhavecome to see you.
If I ( to see ) her, I ( to be ) glad.
If I see her, I shall be glad.
If I saw her, I shouldbe glad.
If I hadseen her, I should have been glad
1. If you (to be) busy, I (to leave) you alone. 2. If I (to live) in Moscow, I (to visit) the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 3. If I (to get) a ticket, I (to go) to the Philharmonic. 4. If I (to live) near a wood, I (to gather) a lot of mushrooms. 5. If my father (to return) early, we (to watch) TV together. 6. If she (to know) English, she (to try) to enter the university. 7. If my mother (to buy) a cake, we (to have) a very nice tea-party. 9. If we (to receive) a telegram from him, we (not to worry).10. If you (not to work) systematically, you (to fail) at the examination.
2. II, III .
1. If I am not too busy, I shall go to the concert. 2. If no one comes to help, we shall be obliged to do the work ourselves. 3. If you put on your glasses, you will see better. 4. Will you be very angry if we dont come? 5. They will all be surprised if I make such a mistake. 6. If he has free time, he will help us.
3. , 䳺 .
1. If it (to rain), we shall have to stay at home. 2. If he (to work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 3. If it is not too cold, I (not to put) on my coat. 4.If he (not to read) so much, he would not be so clever. 5. If my friend (to be) at home, he will tell us what to do. 6. If you (to give) me your address, I shall write you a letter. 7. If they (not to go) to Moscow last year, they would not have heard that famous musician. 8. If you (not to get) tickets for the Philharmonic, we shall stay at home. 9. If you were not so careless about your health, you (to consult) the doctor. 10. If she (to ask) me yesterday, I should certainly have told her all about it. 11. If you (to do) your morning exercises every day, your health would be much better. 12.If he is not very busy, he (to agree) to go to the museum with us. 13. If I (not to be) present at the lesson, I should not have understood this difficult rule. 14. If he reads fifty pages every day, his vocabulary (to increase) greatly. 15. If I (to read) this book, I shall be happy. 16. If you had not wasted so much time, you (not to miss) the train. 17. If you (not to miss) the train, you would have arrived in time. 18. You (not to miss) the teachers explanation if you had arrived in time. 19. You would have understood the rule if you (not to miss) the teachers explanation. 20. If you (to understand) the rule, you would have written the test-paper successfully.
4. , 䳺 .
1. You will never finish your work if you (to waste) your time like that. 2. If I (to have) his telephone number, I should easily settle this matter with him. 3. Your brother (to become) much stronger if he took cold baths regularly. 4. If you had let me know yesterday, I (to bring) you my book. 5. If you (to ring) me up, I shall tell you a secret. 6. If you (to be) a poet, you would write beautiful poetry. 7. If he did not read so much, he (not to know) English literature so well. 8. If he (to come) to our house yesterday, he would have met his friend. 9. If he (not to pass) his examination, he will not get a scholarship. 10. If she (not to help) me, I should have been in a very difficult situation. 11. If I were a famous singer, I (to get) a lot of flowers every day. 12. If you (not to buy) coffee, we shall drink tea. 13.If he is free tomorrow, he certainly (to come) to our party. 14. If my friend (to work) in my office, we should meet every day. 15. If you spoke English every day, you (to improve) your language skills. 16. If these shoes were not too big for me, I (to buy) them.
5. .
A. Model: Nick doesnt know English, so I dont speak English with him.
If Nick knew English, I should speak English with him.
B. We didnt take a taxi, so we missed the train.
If we had taken a taxi, we wouldnt have missed the train.
A. 1. I dont live far from school, so I dont go there by bus. 2. It is very cold, so the children will not go for a walk. 3. She is tired, so she wont play basketball today. 4.I am not ill, so I shall not go to a doctor. 5. My father has no spare time, so he wont play chess with me today. 6. I dont know him, so I wont ask him to help me.
B. 1.Nick didnt work hard, so he didnt pass his examination. 2. My sister was busy last night, so she didnt watch television. 3. You didnt send me a telegram, so I didnt meet you at the station. 4. The weather was bad the day before yesterday, so the children didnt go to the forest. 5. We went to Odessa by plane, so we came in time. 6. I wasnt sent there, so I didnt make a report at the conference.
20.2 ϳ
Conditional Sentences
1. 䳺.
1. If I .. young I should have a walking holiday.
a) was; b) am; c) were; d) had been.
2. If you .. sick people you wouldnt be a doctor, dear.
a) hate; b) hated; c) will hate; d) had hated.
3. If I had not told him, he .. never ..
a) should***know; b) had***known; c) would have***known;
d) knew.
4. You .. hardly .. him if you met him.
a) would***know; b) would have***known; c) had***known;
d) knows.
5. If they .. us we shouldnt have found the way.
a) help b) hadnt helped; c) didnt help; d) wouldnt help.
6. If I had known that, I ..
a) didnt come; b) came; c) shouldnt come; d) shouldnt have come.
7. She .. calm if she knew what has happened.
a) wasnt; b) wont be; c) wouldnt be; d) hadnt been.
8. If I .. enough money I should buy this cassette-recorder.
a) had had; b) had; c) have; d) shall have.
9. If you .. hurry, you will miss the train.
a) dont; b) wont; c) wouldnt; d) didnt.
10. Nobody told me about your trouble. I .. if I had heard about it.
a) would help; b) shall help; c) help; d) should have helped.
11. I shall stay at home till she ..
a) come; b) will come; c) would come; d) comes.
12. What will he do if his TV-set ..?
a) breaks; b) break; c) will break; d) broke.
13. If he were not such an outstanding actor, he .. so many admirers.
a) hasnt; b) wouldnt have; c) hadnt had; d) wont have.
14. If he is free tomorrow, he certainly .. to our party.
a) comes; b) would come; c) will come; d) had come.
2. 䳺.
1. If you .. between two and three yesterday you would have found him in.
a) came; b) come; c) had come; d) will come.
2. If it .., we shall have to stay at home.
a) rains; b) rained; c) would rain; d) had rained.
3. You .. so bad if you didnt smoke too much.
a) shouldnt have felt; b) wouldnt feel; c) felt; d) hadnt felt.
4. If you had gone to the theatre last night, I `m sure, you .. the play.
a) enjoyed; b) had enjoyed; c) should enjoy; d) would have enjoyed.
5. If he .. his examination, he will not get a scholarship.
a) don `t pass; b) wouldnt pass; c) doesnt pass; d) won `t pass.
6. If you get a five, your mother .. happy.
a) is; b) was; c) were; d) will be.
7. If he .. in town yesterday he would have called on us.
a) was; b) is; c) had been; d) were.
8. I should be very glad if he .. to my place.
a) came; b) comes; c) will come; d) had come.
9. If I .. you I should pay no attention to what she says.
a) was; b) were; c) shall be; d) am.
10. My uncle .. able to help us if he were here.
a) was; b) shall be; c) will be; d) would be.
11. If my friend .. at home, he will tell us what to do.
a) will be; b) is; c) were; d) would be.
12. If it .. tomorrow, our game will be cancelled.
a) rains; b) had rained; c) will rain; d) would rain.
13. If I .. the result now, I would phone her immediately.
a) know; b) had known; c) knew; d) will know.
14. Your brother .. much stronger if he took cold baths regularly.
a) were; b) will be; c) is; d) would be.
3. 䳺.
1. If he .. in time, shall we have to wait for him?
a) wont come; b) wouldnt come; c) hadnt come d) doesnt come.
2. I .. the same if I had been there.
a) should have done; b) should do; c) shall do; d) hadnt done.
3. If he .. hard, he would have achieved great progress.
a) works; b) worked; c) had worked; d) should work.
4. If you .. me, I shall tell you a secret.
a) rings up; b) ring up; c) rang up; d) will ring up.
5. If he had warned me, I .. the work in time.
a) should do; b) should have done; c) shall do; d) did.
6. If only I .. more pocket money, I could buy some new English books.
a) have; b) will have; c) had; d) had had.
7. If you had let me know yesterday, I .. you my book.
a) shall bring; b) should bring; c) brought; d) should have brought.
8.If you had written the test paper successfully, you .. a two.
a) didnt get; b) won `t get; c) wouldnt have got; d) dont get.
9. You will never finish your work if you .. your time like that.
a) waste; b) wasted; c) would waste; d) should have wasted.
10. If I .. this rare book, I should gladly lend it to you.
a) have; b) had; c) has; d) shall have.
11. If I don `t manage to finish my report today, I .. at home tomorrow.
a) stay; b) stayed; c) stays; d) shall stay.
12. If these shoes were not too big for me, I ... them.
a) shall buy; b) should buy; c) should have bought; d) had bought.
13. If it is not too cold, I .. my coat.
a) shant put on; b) shall put on; c) put on; d) would have put on.
14. If you were not so careless about your health, you .. the doctor.
a) will consult; b) consulted; c) should have consulted;
d) would consult.
4. 䳺.
1. If I .. English, I shouldnt be able to enjoy Byrons poetry.
a) knew; b) didnt know; c) hadnt known; d) don `t know.
2. If you hadnt wasted so much time, you .. the train.
a) didnt miss; b) has missed; c) wouldnt have missed; d) won `t miss.
3. Where will they go if the weather .. fine?
a) is; b) will be; c) were; d) would be.
4. If he didnt live in St. Petersburg, we .. so often.
a) met; b) wouldnt have met; c) had met; d) shouldnt meet.
5. You would have understood the rule if you .. the teacher `s explanation.
a) didnt miss; b) wont miss; c) dont miss; d) hadnt missed.
6. If the fisherman had been less patient, he .. so much fish.
a) caught; b) wouldnt have caught; d) didnt catch; d) will catch.
7. The child won `t be healthy if you .. him much fruit.
a) dont give; b) gave; c) gives; d) wouldnt give.
8. If I .. him, I shall tell him about their letter.
a) saw; b) see; c) shall see; d) should have seen.
9 If her alarm clock .., she would have been on time for work this morning.
a) rings; b) rang; c) had rung; d) should ring.
10. If you had been feeling well, you .. in class yesterday.
a) would have been; b) were; c) are; d) had been.
11. If you were on a hijacked plane, .. you .. the hijackers?
a) did***attack; b) will***attack; c) would***attack;
d) had***attacked.
12. You will have to work hard if you .. the lesson.
a) had missed; b) would miss; c) didnt miss; d) miss.
13. If I .. a bird, I should be able to fly.
a) were; b) was; c) am; d) shall be.
14. If he hadnt been so careless, he into the strap.
a) had fallen; b) didnt fall; c) felt; d) wouldnt have fallen.
5. 䳺.
1. She will walk home if it .. cold.
a) wasnt; b) won` t be; c) isnt; d) would be.
2. If I had more time, I ... more books.
a) should read; b) shall read; c) read; d) had read.
3. If men no weapons, would wars be possible?
a) have; b) had; c) had had; d) would have.
4. You won `t understand the rule if you .. to the teacher.
a) didnt listen; b) wouldnt listen; c) don `t listen; d) won `t listen.
5. If he .. the poem, he wouldnt have got a bad mark.
a) will learn; b) learnt; c) would learn; d) had learnt.
6. If she .. older she would understand you better.
a) was; b) were; c) is; d) had been.
7. If I could help you I readily so, but you know I can `t.
a) did; b) had done; c) shall do; d) should do.
8. If I had known of your arrival I .. you.
a) should have met; b) would meet; c) will meet; d) met.
9. If she .. me, I should have been in a very difficult situation.
a) helps; b) helped; c) hadnt helped; d) would help.
10. I should be delighted if I .. such a beautiful fur coat.
a) have; b) had; c) had had; d) shall have.
11. If you gave me your dictionary for a couple of days, I .. this text.
a) shall translate; b) translated; c) would have translated;
d) should trans late.
12. If you .. the 10.30 train, there is another at 10.35.
a) miss; b) will miss; c) should miss; d) had missed.
13. If it very cold tonight, our car won `t start in the morning.
a) will be; b) wouldnt be; c) were; d) is.
14. I` m sure you could have done it without my help, if you ... It wasnt difficult at all.
a) try; b) tried; c) had tried; d) would have tried.
Marie Curie
Marie Curie was born in Warsaw on 7 th of November 1867. Her father was a teacher of science1 and mathematics in a school in the town, and from him little Marya Sklodovska which was her Polish name learned her first lessons in science. Marie's wish was to study at the Sorbonne in Paris and after many years of waiting she finally left her native land in 1891.
Once in Paris Marie began a course of hard study and simple living. She decided to work for two Master's degrees2 one in Physics, the other in Mathematics. Thus she had to work twice as hard as the ordinary student. Yet she had not enough money to live on. She lived in a bare attic in the poorest quarter of Paris. Night after night, after her hard day's work at the University, she would climb to her poorly furnished room and work at her books for hours. Her meals were poor, sometimes no more than a bag of cherries, which she ate as she studied. Though she was often weak and ill under this hard mode of life3, she worked in this way for four years. She chose her course and nothing could turn her from it.
Among the many scientists Marie met and worked with in Paris was Pierre Curie. Pierre Curie, born in 1859 in Paris, was the son of a doctor, and from childhood he liked science. At sixteen he was a Bachelor of Science 4 and he took his Master's degree in Physics when he was eighteen. When he met Marie Sklodovska he was thirty-five years old and was famous throughout Europe for his discoveries in magnetism. But in spite of the honour he brought to France by his discoveries, the French Government could only spare him a very meagre salary5 as a reward, and the University of Paris refused him a laboratory of his own for his researches.
Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodovska, both of whom loved science more than anything else, very soon became the closest friends. They worked together constantly and discussed many problems of their researches. After little more than a year they fell in love with each other, and in 1895 Marie Sklodovska became Mme Curie. Their marriage was not only to be a very happy one but also one of the greatest scientific partnerships.
Notes
| 1 a teacher of science (, 쳿,㳿) | ; |
| 2 aster's degree | ; |
| 3 under this hard.mode of life | ; |
| 4 a Bachelor of Science | (, ); |
| 5 spare him a very meagre salary | . |
New York
New York is not a very old city. It was founded some three hundred years ago. New York, the largest city in the U. S., is situated in the mouth of the Hudson River. The centre of New York is Manhattan Island, which at the same time is the oldest part of the city.
New York, one of the leading U. S. manufacturing cities1, is the home of great firms and banks. The most important branches of industry are those producing vehicles, paper and paper products, glass, chemicals and all kinds of machinery. The city has very busy traffic, its streets and highways are full of cars and buses.
The mouth of the Hudson River makes an excellent harbour with different kinds of ships not only for passengers but also for much of the materials by which the city lives. Numerous bridges link Manhattan Island with the opposite shores. The sea encircles many of the city's areas, and ships go over or under New York traffic2.
Many of sky-scrapers of fifty and more storeys reaching high into the sky house the banks and offices of America's money kings, the richest men in the country. Yet most of the population are working people who carry on a bitter struggle for existence and live in constant fear of misery and unemployment.
Comparatively few of New York's inhabitants live in Manhattan, although the majority spend a considerable part of the day in this centre of business life. Here Broadway begins, here is Wall Street and the Stock Exchange3 filled from ten to three with a crowd of businessmen. This is the financial district, the heart and source of Am
