The principle of continuous pricing process
The principle of unity of the pricing process and monitoring of prices
The principle of communication with the general pricing policies of the enterprise and market conditions.
Develop pricing for the goods (works, services) require consistent pass several stages.
Goal setting pricing.
Analysis of factors pricing.
Choice of pricing strategy.
The method of pricing.
The calculation of the basic price.
Adapting prices
These steps are interrelated and are not necessarily performed in the above order. Nonetheless, the above list serves to present a starting framework.
8. , .
I. A market is any place that brings together a buyer and a seller to agree a price to exchange goods or services. A market is any place where buyers and sellers meet to trade products.
There are different types of markets: Consumer and Organizational or Business etc.
1. Consumer markets intend to consume or benefit, but not to make a profit.
2. Organizational/Business markets are for:
3. The term "stock market" refers to the business of buying and selling stock.
4. In finance, a bear market is a market condition that occurs when the prices of shares decline or are about to decline.
5. A bull market is the one in which prices of a certain group of securities are rising or are expected to rise.
II. The division of a market into different homogeneous groups of consumers is known as market segmentation. Market segmentation is the technique used to enable a business to better target it products at the right customers. A market can be segmented by various bases, and industrial markets are segmented somewhat differently from consumer markets, as described below.
Consumer Market Segmentation
Geographic segmentation is based on regional variables such as region, climate, population density, and population growth rate.
Demographic segmentation is based on variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, education, occupation, income, and family status.
Psychographic segmentation is based on variables such as values, attitudes, and lifestyle.
Behavioral segmentation is based on variables such as usage rate and patterns, price sensitivity, brand loyalty, and benefits sought.
Business Market Segmentation
While many of the consumer market segmentation bases can be applied to businesses and organizations, the different nature of business markets often leads to segmentation on the following bases:
Geographic segmentation - based on regional variables such as customer concentration, regional industrial growth rate, and international macroeconomic factors.
Customer type - based on factors such as the size of the organization, its industry, position in the value chain, etc.
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Buyer behavior is based on factors such as loyalty to suppliers.
9. ⳻.
Undergraduate
Report on
Money is at the heart of modern economies. The classical definition of money combines a diversity of its functions it is a standard of value, unit of account, medium of exchange, and store of value.
Currency is a medium of exchange with no intrinsic value (token money ). Common currency is sometimes referred to as credit money and sometimes as debt money. Currency might be in the form of cash, an entry in a book, or a number in a computer. Local or complementary currencies are another category. In modern economies, currency is the smallest component of the money supply.
Today, money has four important functions
Medium of exchange
When money is used to intermediate the exchange of goods and services, it is performing a function as a medium of exchange.
Unit of account
A unit of account is a standard numerical unit of measurement of the market value of goods, services, and other transactions.
Store of value
To act as a store of value, a money must be able to be reliably saved, stored, and retrieved and be predictably usable as a medium of exchange when it is retrieved. The value of the money must also remain stable over time.
Standard of value
Money acts as a standard measure and common denomination of trade. It is thus a basis for quoting and bargaining of prices. It is necessary for developing efficient accounting systems. But its most important usage is as a method for comparing the values of dissimilar objects.
Thus, for an effective monetary system needed proper understanding of money and the creation of favorable conditions for the performance the money their functions.
10. . ?
I graduated from BSUFE in last year. I obtained a bachelor's degree and now I work as a financial manager at a company.
Management is the organizational process that includes strategic planning, setting objectives, managing resources, deploying the human and financial assets needed to achieve objectives, and measuring results.
Financial management means planning, organizing, directing and controlling the financial activities such as procurement and utilization of funds of the enterprise. It means applying general management principles to financial resources of the enterprise.
Financial management is important in all types of businesses, including banks and other financial institutions, as well as industrial and retail firms. Financial management is also important in governmental operations, from schools to hospitals to highway departments.
The financial manager's starts and ends with the company's objectives. He reviews them and the funding they require. The financial manager compares the expenses involved to the expected revenues. It helps him to predict flow. The available cash consists of beginning cash plus customer payments and funds from financing.
The financial manager plans a strategy to make the ending cash positive. If cash exceeds cash inflow the company will run out of cash. The solution is to reduce outflows. The financial manager can trim expenses or ask the to pay faster.
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The financial manager also chooses financing techniques. One of them is short-term financing. Another is financing.
At the end of the year the financial manager reviews the company's financial status and plans the next year's financial.
Regardless of which area you go into, you will need a knowledge of all these areas. For example, a banker lending to businesses cannot do his or her job well without a good understanding of financial management, because he or she must be able to judge how well a business is operated. At the same time, corporate financial managers need to know what their bankers consider important and how investors are likely to judge their corporations' performances and thus determine their stock prices. So, if you decide to make finance your career, you will need to know something about all these areas.
11. .
Legal adviser
Financial accounting differs from managerial accounting because the information and analyses are for people outside the organization. This information goes to owners and prospective owners. creditors and lenders, employee unions, customers; suppliers, governmental units, and the general public. Financial accosting reports answer such questions as the following:
Has the company's income been satisfactory? Should we invest in this company?
Should we loan money to this company? Will it be able to pay the money back?
Can the company afford to raise its salaries? Is it financially strong enough to provide permanent employment?
Is the company financially strong enough to stay in business to honor product warranties?,
The final products of financial accounting are financial statements. Financial statements are means of communicating important accounting information to users: Management, banks, State Administration, Tax Authorities, suppliers, customers, investors. They show the business in financial terms.
Four major financial statements are used to communicate accounting information about a business: the Income Statement, the Statement of Owner's Equity, the Balance Sheet, and the Statement of Cash Flow. The Income Statement, the Statement of Owner's Equity and the Statement of Cash Flow give the time period (month, quarter, year), but the Balance Sheet gives the specific date to which it applies - e.g. December 31.
The main financial statements are the Income Statement and the Balance Sheet.
The Income Statement shows financial position of a business over a definite period of time. It summarizes the revenues earned and expenses paid bya business over a period of time. So, its main formula is: Revenues - Expenses = Gross Profit or Loss. Gross profit is profit before taxes. In Great Britain this statement is called Profit and Loss Account.
The Balance Sheet shows the financial position of a business on a certain date, usually the end of the month or year. The accounting equation of the Balance Sheet is: Assets = Owner's equity + Liabilities
It can be seen that the two sides of the equation will have the same totals. This is because we are dealing with the same thing from two different points of view. The actual assets, liabilities and capital may change, but the equality of assets with that of the total of capital and liabilities will always hold true.
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Foreign trainer -
Hello, I am a 4th year student of Bukovina State Finance and Economics University. Now I'll tell you about the basic concepts of economics.
Economics is a science studying the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics studies the methods by which society allocates its resources, limited by nature, to achieve societal outcomes. Resources include the time and talent people have available, the land, buildings, equipment, and other tools on hand, and the knowledge of how to combine them to create useful products and services.
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Economics includes the study of labor, land, and investments, of money, income, production, and of taxes and government expenditures.
The major economic goals are the following:
1) economic growth,
2) price level stability,
3) economic efficiency,
4) full employment,
5) balanced trade
Economic activity is the production and distribution of goods and services at all levels.
Production is the conversion of resources into usable products, which may be either goods or services. Distribution is the sharing of products and resources among people. Consumption refers to the process by which goods and services are, at last, put to final use by people.
Economic activity involves the use of scarce resources in the provision of goods to satisfy unlimited wants.
When studying economics it is important to distinguish two branches of the subject. The first is known as "positive economics',' the second as "normative economics'.'
Positive economics deals with objective or scientific explanations of the working of the economy. The aim of positive economics is to explain how society makes decisions about consumption, production, and exchange of goods.
Normative economics is very different it offers prescriptions or recommendations based on personal value judgments. In positive economics, we hope to act as detached scientists. In this regard, positive economics is similar to the natural sciences such as physics, geology, or astronomy.
Thus, the economy regulates society, aimed at the production of various consumer goods.
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Distinction
Economics as a science consists of two disciplines that is of macroeconomics and microeconomics.
Macroeconomics is the study of "global" or collective decisions by individual households or producers. It looks at a national or international economy as a whole - e.g. total output, income and expenditure, unemployment, inflation, interest rates and balance of international trade etc., and what economic policies a government can pursue to influence the condition of the national economy. In macroeconomics we examine forest not the trees.
Microeconomics deals with analysis of specific economic factors and detail study of their behavior. It studies individual producers, consumers or markets. Microeconomics also studies how government activities such as regulations and taxes affect individual markets. Besides microeconomics tries to understand what factors affect the prices, wages and earnings. Therefore, the focus of microeconomics study is on price or production of a certain product, number of employees, profit or income and expenses of firms or households.
Thus, whereas microeconomics is the study of the individual pieces of the economic puzzle, macroeconomics puts all the pieces together to focus on the big picture.
14. 볺- . .
Bank welcomes you and offers the most complete range of banking services, from receipt of fees from the public to finance project development capacity, create new jobs, expand production of high quality products and services, profitable investment, consulting services, and so on. We are constantly expanding and improving range of financial instruments and services offered to you. Any managerial, structural or technological changes taking place in the bank under the sign that your needs and requirements. Therefore, the bank can be served not only large corporations, holding companies and associations, but also small and medium businesses, individuals.
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For you - all types of loans, overdraft, factoring, cash management services at a convenient time for customers without weekends and holidays for the extended mode of operation, the system "Client-Bank" deposit and documentary transactions, guarantees and warranties on foreign operations market and the domestic capital market, representation in international financial markets, registration and payment card services known payment systems and financial companies MasterCard WorldWide, VISA International and others., salary projects on the basis of international payment systems and others.
Our bank cares about its customers and strives provide them service of the highest level.
15. ? ? ?
Bank is a financial institution that saves money and investments, loans and provides legal services to financial operations.
There are several types of banking institutions in Chernivtsi:
1. Commercial banks
2. State banks
Commercial banks provide a variety of services to its customers. The main ones are loans, depositing, opening bank accounts, investing, give cash management services and other. An example of these banks can be Pryvatbank, Raiffeisen Bank Aval, UkrSibbank, Ukrsotsbank.
State banks characterized by state-owned and state-operated. Currently, there are two state-owned banks: Savings Bank and Ukreximbank. Savings spetsiaziluyetsya on making savings and deposit transactions from public. The Ukreximbank's main objectives, are to create favourable conditions for the economic development of Ukraine, to support national manufacturers, to provide credit and financial assistance for the development of the national infrastructure and to facilitate the growth of the manufacturing and trading potential of export oriented sectors of the economy of Ukraine.
As for me. I would like to work in a bank Raiffeisen Bank Aval. I think to get a job in the bank now easier than in public finance. Moreover, at present there are a large number of banks. In the banking sector there are many perspectives:
high wages
career opportunities
establishing the appropriate business relations
possibility to work abroad
be confident in the future
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A stock market is a private or public market for the trading of stocks and shares in companies and derivatives of company stocks at an agreed price. These include securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those traded privately. A stock market is sometimes also known as an eq uitv market.
Stock markets specialize in bringing buyers and sellers of stocks and securities together. Famous stock exchanges include the New York Stock Exchange, the London Stock Exchange, the Deutsche Borse, and the Paris/Amsterdam Euronext.
A stock market is an important way for a company to raise money. It allows businesses to be publicly traded, or to raise extra capital for expansion by selling shares in the company in a public market. Share owners then have a share of ownership of that company. A stock market provides liquidity to give investors the chance to sell securities rapidly and easily. This makes investing in stocks attractive compared with, for example, real estate which is less liquid.
The price of shares and other assets plays an important part in the economic activity of a country. It can influence or reflect the social mood of a country. A stock market is often taken as a primary indicator of a country's economic well-being as it enables the efficient allocation of capital. Stock prices reflect where capital is being invested, or should be. If share prices are rising, this is usually coupled with increased business investment, and vic e versa. Share prices also have an influence on the wealth of households, and thus on how much they spend.
Therefore economic growth is enhanced because lower costs and enterprise risks help to promote the production of goods and services, and employment.
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Before detailing the nature of trading in securities markets, it is important to emphasize the distin ction between primary markets and secondary markets. Most of the popular markets, such as the New York Stock Exchange and the Tokyo Stock Exchange, are secondary markets where existing securities are exchanged between individuals and institutions.
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Securities markets are organized to help bring buyers and sellers together, so that both parties to the transaction will be satisfied that a fair transactions price, close to the true equilibrium price, has been arranged.
There are thre e main types of market organization that facilitate the actual purchase and sale of securities: an auction market, a brokered market, and a dealer market. In each case, the aim is to match up Buyers and sellers.
The main feature of an auction market is the situation then buyers and sellers bargain over price. In a Brokered Market a seller of securities may ask a broker to show the securities to potential buyers or a buyer may ask a broker to uncover potential sellers. Unlike the auctioneer, whose role is completely passive, the broker provides information about potential buyers and sellers and earns a commission in return.
Dealer Mark et occurs when the equilibrium price of the security changes. This person acts as a deale r (also called market -maker), buying securities for his or her own account when the public is selling and selling from her or his own account when the public is buying. Unlike brokers, dealers commit capital to the process of bringing buyers and sellers together and take on the risk of price changes in the securities they hold in inventory.
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Budget is a financial statement that coins down the expected revenue and expenditure of a particular fiscal year. Budgeting helps organizations implement specific strategies to meet goals and objectives.
There are different types of Budget:
Master Budget is an overall financial and operating plan for a forthcoming calendar or fiscal year.
Operating and Financial Budgets deals with the costs for merchandise or services produced.
Cash Budget is for cash planning and control. It presents expected cash inflow and outflow for a designated time period.
Static (Fixed) Budget is budgeted figures at the expected capacity level.
Partial Budget: Partial Budget aims to make small changes in the financial condition of a corporation.
Business Set Up Budget: A Business Set Up Budget deals with the financial expenses required during the establishment of a commercial firm or enterprise. The expenses in this case include the costing of the basic infrastructures. It is considered as one of the fundamental means of introducing, improving and maintaining a business house.
Government Budgets: are the summarized versions of the anticipated revenues and expenses of a government. Government Budgets focus on the distribution of wealth for economic as well as political and social purposes.
Corporate Budgets: formulate the annual fiscal agendas, plans and programs of a commercial organization.
Sales Budget - The sales budget is an estimate of future sales, often broken down into both units and dollars. It is used to create company sales goals.
Production Budget - Product oriented companies create a production budget. It is an estimate of the number of units that must be manufactured in order to meet the sales goals.
Cash Flow Budget - The cash flow budget is a prediction of future cash receipts and expenditures for a particular time period.
Marketing Budget - The marketing budget is an estimate of the funds needed for promotion, advertising, and public relations in order to market the product or service.
Project Budget - The project budget is a prediction of the costs associated with a particular company project.
19. . .
Finance is the study of how resources are valued and allocated in time. Simply, finance deals with matters related to money and the markets.The general areas of finance are business finance, personal finance (private finance), and public finance. Finance includes saving money and often includes lending money.
Three key concepts in finance are:
Time value of money;
Asset Valuation (stocks, bonds, derivatives,...);
Risk management.
All businesses need finance. Finance refers to sources of money for a business. Firms need finance to:
- Start up a business
- Run the business
- Expand the business
Internal sources of finance are funds found inside the business. For example, profits can be kept back to finance expansion. Alternatively the business can sell assets (items it owns) that are no longer really needed to free up cash.
External sources of finance are found outside the business, e.g. from creditors or banks. Some sources of finance are short term and must be paid back within a year. Other sources of finance are long term and can be paid back over many years. Sources of external finance to cover the short term include:
- An overdraft facility, where a bank allows a firm to take out more money than it has in its bank account.
- Trade credits, where suppliers deliver goods now and are willing to wait for a number of days before payment.
- Factoring, where firms sell their invoices to a factor such as a bank. They do this for some cash right away, rather than waiting 28 days to be paid the full amount.
Sources of external finance to cover the long term include:
- Owners who invest money in the business. For sole traders and partners this can be their savings. For companies, the funding invested by shareholders is called share capital.
- Loans from a bank or from family and friends.
- Debentures are loans made to a company.
- A mortgage, which is a special type of loan for buying property where monthly payments are spread over a number of years.
- Hire purchase or leasing, where monthly payments are made for use of equipment such as a car. Leased equipment is rented and not owned by the firm. Hired equipment is owned by the firm after the final payment.
- Grants from charities or the government to help businesses get started, especially in areas of high unemployment.
Finance is also the science and art of determining if the funds of an organization are being used properly. Through financial analysis, companies and businesses can take decisions and corrective actions towards the sources of income and the expenses and investments that need to be made in order to stay competitive.
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Taxes are a necessary component of economic relations in society, which affects the economic situation in the country and directly to the social status of the population, their standard of living.
The tax system - the basis of financial and credit mechanism of state regulation and one of the most important levers of influence on the economy.
Taxes - is installed by legislative organ mandatory payments paid by individuals and entities to the budget in the amount and within the time prescribed by law.
Tax function:
1. Fiscal function - filling of budget revenues, state revenue to meet the needs of society.
2. Regulatory function - is to provide tax benefits to certain industries and producers, given their prospects, activity, profitability, and more.
3. Distribution function - a kind of reflection of fiscal functions - to fill the coffers of the state, then to distribute the received funds.
4. The catalytic function - creates guidelines for the development or decline of production activities.
5. Control function - provides supervision and control over timeliness, completeness tax payers in Ukraine.
Types of taxes:
