No matter what sort of speech you are presenting, verbal components can not hide your own feelings mood and attitude on the occasion or even in a specific fraction of time.
Most important elements of Para language are given below:
Voice is the most important element of Para language. Voice tells us about the speakers sex, age, background, education, temperament etc. Voice conveys the message in a more effective way. However these points have to be considered:-
Pitch Variation:
Pitch means highness or lowness of sound i.e. quality of sound. Wide variation in pitch should be made during a speech. This is essential and helps in catching the attention of the listener and maintaining the interest in the speech.
Speaking speed:
The speaking speed should neither be too fast nor be too slow. The speed should be such which ensures fluency. As a rule the easy parts of the message should be delivered at a brisk pace as it is likely to be understood easily. On the other hand, the difficult complicated, technical part of the message should be delivered at a slower pace.
Pause is an important aspect of speech; one cannot and should not go on speaking without pause. But pauses have to be at the right moment. A pause at the right moment can be very helpful in emphasizing the upcoming subject.
Where as an arbitrary pause or unnecessary frequent pauses may spoil the speech.
Variation in volume:
An efficient speaker varies his volume while delivering his speech. Volume means loudness of voice. Volume variation puts life into ones speech. However the loudness of voice should be adjusted according to the size of the audience. While speaking one should be loud enough to be audible but not too loud to put the audience off.
Non fluencies:
Speech is not always a continuous string of meaningful words. There are pauses scattered at intervals. These pauses are very often inserted with sounds or utterances like ah oh uh, hum you know, ok etc.
These sound or utterances are called Non fluencies. These non-fluencies if used carefully and sparingly add to the fluency of the speaker, gives him time to breathe or relax and makes the listener more alert and gets the message conveyed overtly or covertly.
Proper word stress:
Proper word stress is at most important in communication. A speaker can change the meaning by putting stress on a word here or a word there in the same sentence. For example, let us read the following series of statement, emphasizing the bold word in each:-
Did you go for a walk yesterday?
Did you go for a walk yesterday?
Did you go for a walk yesterday?
In each of the above statement the same group of words is used but the stress on different words gives it a different meaning every time it is spoken. Similarly we can change the meaning by stressing different parts of spoken words like Play (noun) Fly (noun) Play (verb) Fly (verb).
A good speaker should put stress on words or parts of words. One should also improve ones word stress by listening the good speakers and participating in discussions.
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20. Do you agree with the statement "Silence is gold"
There is a good side and a bad side. For example, silence can make us more rational and modest. It stands for thinking deeply or endurence. In the ancient time, wise people were always like to be silence. But, with the development of our society, silence isn't always gold. In today's tendency, if you always keep silent, you will probably miss many gloden opportunities. Silence looks cool sometimes, but silence can not solve all the problems. For instance, when you fall in love with someone, if you keep silent, you will never have chance. You must bravely tell someone what you want.only in this way can you satisfy your needs well.
21. Can cultural difference in nonverbal communication be too difficult to deal with?
Nonverbal communication expresses meaning or feeling without words. Universal emotions, such as happiness, fear, sadness, are expressed in a similar nonverbal way throughout the world. There are, however, nonverbal differences across cultures that may be a source of confusion for foreigners. Let's look at the way people express sadness. In many cultures, such as the Arab and Iranian cultures, people express grief openly. They mourn out loud, while people from other cultures (e.g., China and Japan) are more subdued. In Asian cultures, the general belief is that is is unacceptable to show emotion openly (whether sadness, happiness, or pain).
Let's take another example of how cultures differ in their nonverbal expression of emotion. Feelings of friendship exist everywhere in the world, but their expression varies. It is acceptable in some countries for men to embrace and for women to hold hands; in other countries, these displays of affection are discouraged or prohibited.
As with nonverbal communication, what is considered usual or polite behavior in one culture may be seen as unusual or impolite in another. One culture may determine that snapping fingers to call a waiter is appropriate, whereas another may consider this gesture rude. We are often not aware of how gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and the use of conversational distance affect communication. To interpret another culture's style of communication, it is necessary to study the "silent language" of that culture.
22. Do you believe you would be able to adjust to gestures and body language of Japanese people, for example?
Generally in Japan, physical contact in public settings is limited, especially between members of the opposite sex. Eye contact in Japan is less direct than in many Western countries; direct eye contact can be viewed as challenging or aggressive. In a formal situation, Japanese will stand with feet together, straight posture, hands overlapping, and eyes downcast to denote respect. It is considered polite to sit is straight up in the chair with your feet flat on the floor.
Pointing at others with one's finger is considered impolite. Most Japanese people will gesture towards someone with an open hand. You may find that Japanese people will often give street directions with an open hand, to avoid accidentally pointing at someone.
I think, I will some problems with gestures and body language of Japanese people.
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33. What are peace and relief mission? Who takes part in this mission?
When one thinks of peace and relief mission negotiations, high-level international accords between the leaders of the various nations come readily to mind. These negotiations, as a rule, are highly visible and use professional negotiators and extensive support staff, including highly-trained professional interpreters. Often these negotiations take place far from the action, perhaps a luxury hotel in Geneva, or an Air Force base in the United States. Field negotiations, however, between military members, aid organizations and civilians in the context of contemporary peace and relief missions (in dangerous, ever changing conditions), using locally-engaged language assistants constitute another level of negotiation and another level of risk.
34. What is the role of interpreter in this mission?
Because of the multi-national nature of peace and relief missions, most negotiators will not be able to communicate with the local people of the host country in their own languages or dialects consequently they will typically employ local people as interpreter to assist with translation and interpretation. A interpreter acts as a cultural intermediary between the counterparts speaking different languages. Where possible, an individual from the ethnic group or minority community concerned should be used to convey sensitive or involved messages or to help solve difficult communication problems. The provision of interpreters would be advisable, for example, when detailed, accurate and/or sensitive information is solicited from, or conveyed to, non-English or French-speaking cultural communities or second language speakers to minimize the potential for dangerous misunderstandings.
35. Why the peacemaker learn the traditions of people they negotiate with?
The peacemaker learn the traditions of people they negotiate with because, they need to know how to behave in a given situation, not to offend their behavior a country or a some person.
36. Why is it important to work with professional interpreter during peace mission?
Errors in translation of peacekeeping negotiations can have a dramatic and costly impact on international missions. In hostile situations, for example, people are closer to choosing to use their best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA). Most frequently the BATNA in a peacekeeping context is force and a negotiator must seek a way to prevent this. And often, peacekeeping partners who have only the most rudimentary understanding of the language of another country gain respect for taking the time to learn some of the basics.
Peacekeepers should be prepared to employ interpreters when necessary. The provision of interpreters would be adviseable, for example when detailed, accurate and/or sensitive information is solicited from, or conveyed to, non-English- or French- speaking cultural communities or second language speakers. As stress increases, an individual's ability to express him\herself in a second language may decrease. Therefore, in especially sensitive circumstances, as when dealing with interracial or religious conflicts, it is prudent to employ an interpreter in order to minimize the potential for dangerous misunderstanding.
An interpreter has to be able to translate in both directions, without the use of any dictionaries, on the spot. Translation involves transferring a written message from one language to another. In the context of peacekeeping, the text to be translated may be a treaty, a law, legal papers, or a press release; a user manual or engineering plans; a handwritten letter, a medical textbook, or a historical document, in short, anything that is written is a potential translation assignment.
37. What mass media are considered international?
The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a schedule. With all technological endeavours a number of technical terms and slang are developed please see the list of broadcasting terms for a glossary of terms used.
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'Film' encompasses motion pictures as individual projects, as well as the field in general. The name comes from the photographic film (also called filmstock), historically the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms existmotion pictures (or just pictures and "picture"), the silver screen, photoplays, the cinema, picture shows, flicksand commonly movies.
A video game is a computer-controlled game where a video display such as a monitor or television is the primary feedback device. The term "computer game" also includes games which display only text (and which can therefore theoretically be played on a teletypewriter) or which use other methods, such as sound or vibration, as their primary feedback device, but there are very few new games in these categories. There always must also be some sort of input device, usually in the form of button/joystick combinations (on arcade games), a keyboard & mouse/trackball combination (computer games), or a controller (console games), or a combination of any of the above.
Sound recording and reproduction is the electrical or mechanical re-creation and/or amplification of sound, often as music. This involves the use of audio equipment such as microphones, recording devices and loudspeakers. From early beginnings with the invention of the phonograph using purely mechanical techniques, the field has advanced with the invention of electrical recording, the mass production of the 78 record, the magnetic wire recorder followed by the tape recorder, the vinyl LP record.
The Internet (also known simply as "the Net" or less precisely as "the Web") is a more interactive medium of mass media, and can be briefly described as "a network of networks".
Blogging, too, has become a pervasive form of media. A blog is a website, usually maintained by an individual, with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or interactive media such as images or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse chronological order, with most recent posts shown on top.
A podcast is a series of digital-media files which are distributed over the Internet using syndication feeds for playback on portable media players and computers. The term podcast, like broadcast, can refer either to the series of content itself or to the method by which it is syndicated; the latter is also called podcasting. The host or author of a podcast is often called a podcaster.
Mobile
Mobile phones were introduced in Japan in 1979 but became a mass media only in 1998 when the first downloadable ringing tones were introduced in Finland. Soon most forms of media content were introduced on mobile phones, tablets and other portable devices, and today the total value of media consumed on mobile vastly exceeds that of internet content, and was worth over 31 billion dollars in 2007 (source Informa). The mobile media content includes over 8 billion dollars worth of mobile music (ringing tones, ringback tones, truetones, MP3 files, karaoke, music videos, music streaming services etc.); over 5 billion dollars worth of mobile gaming; and various news, entertainment and advertising services. In Japan mobile phone books are so popular that five of the ten best-selling printed books were originally released as mobile phone books.
A book is a collection of sheets of paper, parchment or other material with a piece of text written on them, bound together along one edge within covers. A book is also a literary work or a main division of such a work. A book produced in electronic format is known as an e-book.
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A magazine is a periodical publication containing a variety of articles, generally financed by advertising and/or purchase by readers.
A newspaper is a publication containing news and information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, most often published daily or weekly.
Outdoor media is a form of mass media which comprises billboards, signs, placards placed inside and outside of commercial buildings/objects like shops/buses, flying billboards (signs in tow of airplanes), blimps, and skywriting.
38. How can we divide popular newspapers?
39. What have you learned about international broadcasting?
International broadcasting is broadcasting that is deliberately aimed at a foreign, rather than a domestic, audience. It usually is broadcast by means of longwave, mediumwave, or shortwave radio, but in recent years has also used direct satellite broadcasting and the internet as means of reaching audiences.
Although radio and television programs do travel outside national borders, in many cases reception by foreigners is accidental. However, for purposes of propaganda, transmitting religious beliefs, keeping in touch with colonies or expatriates, education, improving trade, increasing national prestige, or promoting tourism and goodwill, broadcasting services have operated external services since the 1920s.
Because of this many broadcasters are discovering they can reach a wider audience through other methods (particularly the internet and satellite television) and are cutting back on (or even entirely dropping) shortwave.
An international broadcaster has several options for reaching a foreign audience:
If the foreign audience is near the broadcaster, high-power longwave and mediumwave stations can provide reliable coverage.
If the foreign audience is more than 1,000 kilometers away from the broadcaster, shortwave radio is reliable, but subject to interruption by adverse solar/geomagnetic conditions.
An international broadcaster may use a local mediumwave or FM radio or television relay station in the target country or countries.
An international broadcaster may use a local shortwave broadcaster as a relay station.
Neighboring states, such as Israel and Jordan, may broadcast television programs to each other's viewing public.
An international broadcaster such as the BBC, Radio France International or Germany's Deutsche Welle, may use all the above methods. Several international broadcasters, such as Swiss Radio International, have abandoned shortwave broadcasting altogether, relying on Internet transmissions only. Others, such as the BBC World Service, have abandoned shortwave transmissions to North America, relying on local relays, the Internet, and satellite transmissions.
40. What is called the problem of cross-border spillover
