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̳ () .
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(, factor of production) , .
(labor) , .
(technology) , .
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(capital) , , .
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(general) , ; . (special) , ; .
.
(, domestic market) , , , .
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(, international market)- , .
(, national market) - , .
(, world market) - , .
̳ (, i nternational trade) - - , .
(export) - .
(import) - - .
(trade balance) - . (trade turnover) - .
, , , . , .
(, world economy) , .
:
;
;
;
.
2. ֲͲ в ̲ ̲ ². ̲ ̲ ²
, .
() - (mercantilism) - (Tomas Mun) (1571-1641), (harles Davenant) (1656-1714), (Jaen Baptiste Colbert) (1619-1683), ³ (Sir William Petty) (1623-1687).
- , 糿 . , .
-- .Ւ
Ւ (David Hume) (1711-1776) , , 䳿 " - - " ("price - specie - flow").
.Ւ , , , . ³ , , , .
(neomercantilism). , - . , , , , , . , , - , , .
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(Adam Smith, 1723-1790) " " (Aninquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations), 1776 . , , . , , . (nature advantage) (acquired advantage) . .
., : , ( ), , ( ).
г (David Ricardo, 1772-1823 .), , . ³ , , .
, , (opportunity costs). , , .
(Theory of Country Size) - , , , . , , , , , , , , , , ͳ, ϳ , , . , : ϳ , - , .
20- - (Eli F. Hecksher, 1879-1952) (Bertil Ohlin, 1899-1979) , - (Hecksher-Ohlin Theory). , , , , . - (Paul Samuelson, 1915). ³ , - . , :
- , ( 222);
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- ;
- , .
- , , :
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, ( ) ( ), , . , . , : .
1948 (Factor Price Equalization Theorem), -- - .
- , ; - , ; - , .
. - , , , , . : 1) - ; 2) , , , . , , .
ϳ 㳿 , , -, . - , -.
1961 볺 . (M.Pozner) (Theory of Technological Gap), - . : , - . 㳺 . - 䳺 볺 ( ) , . 㳿, , .
,
- , . , , .
.˳ (Stefan B.Linder) 1961 An Essay on Trade and Transformation. (, ), 40-50- , , , . ֳ , . . .
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, , - (The Competitive Advantage of Nations), 1991 - Free Press.
: ? , , . , . :
, (, ), .
, , .
(related) , , .
, , , , , .
3.̲ IJ ֲ ֲ . ̲ ò ² ̲ ̲ ²
̳ (, international division of labor) - , .
, , /, , . , , , , , , . , , .
(free trade) - , . - . . , .
(protectionism) - .
, . , , , , .
.
(customs duty) , .
(tariff quota) , : (within-quota rate), (over-quota rate).
(customs value) , , .
, , ( , ).
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(tariff escalation) .
: ( ), ( ), ( ).
ʳ (quantative restrictions) , , .
(quota) .
˳ (licensing) , .
"" (voluntary export restraint) , , .
- , .
(local content requirement) , , , .
(domestic taxes and charges) , .
, , , .
, , , , - .
:
(frequency index) , , . , .
(trade coverage ratio) , . ,
䳿 (price impact index) , . , .
. , , 13%, 161%.
4. ̲Ͳ ̲Ͳ ² в . ̲ ֲ IJͲ ϲ
. : , , .
(services) , .
:
- (factor services) , , ( , , , );
- (non-factor services) , (, , );
- (trade-related services) , , (, );
- (investment-related services) , (, );
- (trade-and-investment-related services) , , , , .
̳ (international transportation) (, , , , ), .
(transportation costs) , , , /, / .
̳ (international travel) , , .
(traveler, visitor) , , , (, ) 쒿 .
(tourist) , .
(Walras Law) .
= + NA + NR,
IM ; X ; NA (net assets) ( , ); NR (net interest) ( , - ).
, . , ( , , ), , , .
:
1. :
() (official capital) , - , ;
() (private capital) - , - ; , , .
2. :
(private capital) - , ;
() , .
3. :
(short-term capital) 1 ;
(mid-term capital) 1-5 ;
(long-term capital) 5 .
4. :
(portfolio investments) , ᒺ ;
(direct investments) , ᒺ .
(investment position) , 䳺 , , . .
(foreign direct investments) ( ) ( )
:
- ;
- , ;
- .
ϳ (direct investment enterprice) , - 10% ( ) ( ).
ϳ :
(associate) , - 䳺 , 50%;
(subsidiary) - , - 䳺 , 50%;
볿 (branch) , .
.
(home country) , ;
(host country) , , 볿, .
:
1. .
2. 㳿 ( ).
3. () .
4. , , .
̳ (international corporation) , .
̳ : () (transnational corporations - TNCs) , 볿 ; () (multinational corporations MNCs) , 볿 .
5. ̲ ֲ̲ ί . ̲ -Ͳ ̲
, , .
, :
̳ (labor force migration) , .
(emigration) .
(immigration) Ⓙ - .
̳ (net migration) .
"³ " (brain drain) .
(re-emigration) .
̳ , , . ﳺ .
, , . .
, .
:
1. ( , , )
2. (, , , , , , ).
, :
1. (labor income) - , - , , . (31%) = (compensation of employees)
2. (migrants transfers) , , . (7%)
3. (workers remittances) , . (62%)
2.+3.= (private unrequited transfers) , .
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: ; (, , ); (, Green Card); ; ; ; .
: ; ;
, 쳺 㳺, .
(technology) . 㳿 : , .
, -. 㳿 , 㳿.
, , , .
̳ 㳿 (international technology transfer) - .
㳿 . 㳿 , - , .
. ճ. ( L ), . ³ (w/r) . () , .
:
1. (patent) , .
2. ˳ (license) , 㳿 (), , () 㳿 .
3. (copyright) , - .
4. (trademark) , .
:
1. (patent agreement) , .
2. ˳ (licensing agreement) , .
3. - (know-how) , , , , , .
4. (engineering) , , .
10.3. ̳
̳ . , .
(T) (technical assistance) 㳿 , .
:
1. (technological co-operation grants) 㳿, 㳿, . .
2. (co-financing) , , .
:
() - .
-.
㳿:
1. . , , , , .
2. ̳ . (, , ) , . , ...
3. . ij , 㳿 .
㳿:
1. , .
2. , .
6. ² ̲Ͳ -Բ² ². ̲Ͳ Ͳ ²
̳ - (international monetary system) - , .
- , , . :
1. , : , , , .
2. Գ , : , , .
, , , .
(currency) - , , , .
.
1. :
(national currency) , ;
(foreign currency) , .
2. :
(reserve currency) , , 䒺 ;
(freely usable currency) , .
3. :
(hard currency) , , ;
(unstable currency) , .
4. : , , .
(ECU European currency unit)
(European Monetary System) 1979 . - .
:
- 2,25% . 1990 . 6% . . 1993 . , 15%;
- , ;
- (European Monetary Cooperation Fund) .
- (European Economic and Monetary Union) - , , (euro ).
1 1999 . 1 2002 . 11 15 : , , .
:
- 3% , 60% ;
- 1,5 ;
- 2 ;
- .
. , , .
() (exchange rate) , .
.
(currency quotation) .
:
- ; 1$=5,3 .
- ; 1 .=0,1887$.
- - , . 1$=5,3 ., 1$=28,5 . 1.=28,5/5,3=5,3774 . ( ) 1.=5,3/28,5=0,186. ( ). .
:
1. :
- (spot rate) , ( 1 );
(forward rate) , , .
2. :
(nominal exchange rate) , , ;
(real exchange rate) , , ;
() (nominal effective exchange rate (NEER)) , , ;
() (real effective exchange rate (REER)) , ;
3. :
(pegged/fixed exchange rate) , 2,25%;
(limited flexibile exchange rate) , ;
(flexibile/floating exchange rate) , 䳺 , ;
4. :
(clean floating) ;
() (dirty (managed) floating) ;
(optimum currency area) .
(exchange rate band) , .
(crawling peg) , .
.
г (equilibrium exchange rate) , , .
(currency depreciation) .
(currency appreciation) .
(currency devaluation) .
(currency revaluation) - .
: ; ; , , , .
(elasticity of currency demand) .
, :
:
- ;
- - .
:
- ;
- .
- (Marshall-Lerner condition) - () , .
7. ̲̲ ֲ. ̲Ͳ ̲Ͳ Ͳֲ ̲ ϲ² Ͳ ̲ ̲ ²
(economic integration) 䳿 , , . 崳, .
:
1. , .
2. , , .
3. , , , , .
4. . , , .
5. . ϳ , , .
ֳ :
1. . ³ , , .
2. . , , .
3. . .
4. ϳ . .
:
1. (preferential trade agreement). - , .
2. (free trade zone). , , .
3. (customs union). , .
4. (common market). , , .
5. (economic union). , ., , , .
6. . . .
(Jacob Viner) , :
1. (static effects) - , . . .
2. (dynamic effects) , . , , . , , ᒺ .
(trade creation) (), .
(trade diversion) , .
8. ֲ ² 'ʲ. ̲ Ͳ ² Ͳ ̲ ̲ ²
XX . : , - , .
, , , , . ' .
: ; ; , , ; , , ; .
: , , , , .