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1. .





, , . , , - , , .

̳ () .

:

- , , , 䳿 ;

- , ;

- , ;

- , ;

- , '.

(, factor of production) , .

(labor) , .

(technology) , .

(land) , (, , , , , ).

(capital) , , .

() (basic) , ; . (developed) - , ; .

(general) , ; . (special) , ; .

.

(, domestic market) , , , .

(, international market)- , .

(, national market) - , .

(, world market) - , .

̳ (, i nternational trade) - - , .

(export) - .

(import) - - .

(trade balance) - . (trade turnover) - .

, , , . , .

(, world economy) , .

:

;

;

;

.

2. ֲͲ в ̲ ̲ ². ̲ ̲ ²

, .

() - (mercantilism) - (Tomas Mun) (1571-1641), (harles Davenant) (1656-1714), (Jaen Baptiste Colbert) (1619-1683), ³ (Sir William Petty) (1623-1687).

- , 糿 . , .

-- .Ւ

Ւ (David Hume) (1711-1776) , , 䳿 " - - " ("price - specie - flow").

.Ւ , , , . ³ , , , .

(neomercantilism). , - . , , , , , . , , - , , .

(Adam Smith, 1723-1790) " " (Aninquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations), 1776 . , , . , , . (nature advantage) (acquired advantage) . .

., : , ( ), , ( ).

г (David Ricardo, 1772-1823 .), , . ³ , , .

, , (opportunity costs). , , .

(Theory of Country Size) - , , , . , , , , , , ,  , , , ͳ, ϳ , , . , : ϳ , - , .

20- - (Eli F. Hecksher, 1879-1952) (Bertil Ohlin, 1899-1979) , - (Hecksher-Ohlin Theory). , , , , . - (Paul Samuelson, 1915). ³ , - . , :

- , ( 222);

- , ;

- ;

- , .

- , , :

, ( ) ( ), , . , . , : .

1948 (Factor Price Equalization Theorem), -- - .

- , ; - , ; - , .

. - , , , , . : 1) - ; 2) , , , . , , .

ϳ 㳿 , , -, . - , -.

1961 볺 . (M.Pozner) (Theory of Technological Gap), - . : , - . 㳺 . - 䳺 볺 ( ) , . 㳿, , .

,

- , . , , .

.˳ (Stefan B.Linder) 1961 An Essay on Trade and Transformation. (, ), 40-50- , , , . ֳ , . . .

, , - (The Competitive Advantage of Nations), 1991 - Free Press.

: ? , , . , . :

, (, ), .

, , .

(related) , , .

, , , , , .

3.̲ IJ ֲ ֲ . ̲ ò ² ̲ ̲ ²

̳ (, international division of labor) - , .

, , /, , . , , , , , , . , , .

(free trade) - , . - . . , .

(protectionism) - .

, . , , , , .

.

(customs duty) , .

(tariff quota) , : (within-quota rate), (over-quota rate).

(customs value) , , .

, , ( , ).

(tariff escalation) .

: ( ), ( ), ( ).

ʳ (quantative restrictions) , , .

(quota) .

˳ (licensing) , .

"" (voluntary export restraint) , , .

- , .

(local content requirement) , , , .

(domestic taxes and charges) , .

, , , .

, , , , - .

:

(frequency index) , , . , .

(trade coverage ratio) , . ,

䳿 (price impact index) , . , .

. , , 13%, 161%.

4. ̲Ͳ ̲Ͳ ² в . ̲ ֲ IJͲ ϲ

. : , , .

(services) , .

:

- (factor services) , , ( , , , );

- (non-factor services) , (, , );

- (trade-related services) , , (, );

- (investment-related services) , (, );

- (trade-and-investment-related services) , , , , .

̳ (international transportation) (, , , , ), .

(transportation costs) , , , /, / .

̳ (international travel) , , .

(traveler, visitor) , , , (, ) 쒿 .

(tourist) , .

(Walras Law) .

= + NA + NR,

IM ; X ; NA (net assets) ( , ); NR (net interest) ( , - ).

, . , ( , , ), , , .

:

1. :

() (official capital) , - , ;

() (private capital) - , - ; , , .

2. :

(private capital) - , ;

() , .

3. :

(short-term capital) 1 ;

(mid-term capital) 1-5 ;

(long-term capital) 5 .

4. :

(portfolio investments) , ᒺ ;

(direct investments) , ᒺ .

(investment position) , 䳺 , , .  .

(foreign direct investments) ( ) ( )

:

- ;

- , ;

- .

ϳ (direct investment enterprice) , - 10% ( ) ( ).

ϳ :

(associate) , - 䳺 , 50%;

(subsidiary) - , - 䳺 , 50%;

볿 (branch) , .

.

(home country) , ;

(host country) , , 볿, .

:

1. .

2. 㳿 ( ).

3. () .

4. , , .

̳ (international corporation) , .

̳ : () (transnational corporations - TNCs) , 볿 ; () (multinational corporations MNCs) , 볿 .

5. ̲ ֲ̲ ί . ̲ -Ͳ ̲

, , .

, :

̳ (labor force migration) , .

(emigration) .

(immigration) Ⓙ - .

̳ (net migration) .

"³ " (brain drain) .

(re-emigration) .

̳ , , . ﳺ .

,  , . .

, .

:

1. ( , , )

2. (, , , , , , ).

, :

1. (labor income) - , - , , . (31%) = (compensation of employees)

2. (migrants transfers) , , . (7%)

3. (workers remittances) , . (62%)

2.+3.= (private unrequited transfers) , .

: ; ; ; ; ; .

: ; .

: ; ; .

: ; ( )

: ; ; .

:

) , ;

) ;

) ;

) ;

) .

̳ :

̳ ()

̳ ( )

̳ ( )

: ; (, , ); (, Green Card); ; ; ; .

: ; ;

, 쳺 㳺, .

(technology) . 㳿 : , .

, -. 㳿 , 㳿.

, , , .

̳ 㳿 (international technology transfer) - .

㳿 . 㳿 , - , .

. ճ. ( L ), . ³ (w/r) . () , .

:

1. (patent) , .

2. ˳ (license) , 㳿 (), , () 㳿 .

3. (copyright) , -  .

4. (trademark) , .

:

1. (patent agreement) , .

2. ˳ (licensing agreement) , .

3. - (know-how) , , , , , .

4. (engineering) , , .

10.3. ̳

̳ . , .

(T) (technical assistance) 㳿 , .

:

1. (technological co-operation grants) 㳿, 㳿, . .

2. (co-financing) , , .

:

() - .

-.

㳿:

1. . , , , , .

2. ̳ . (, , ) , . , ...

3. . ij , 㳿 .

㳿:

1. , .

2. , .

6. ² ̲Ͳ -Բ² ². ̲Ͳ Ͳ ²

̳ - (international monetary system) - , .

- , , . :

1. , : , , , .

2. Գ , : , , .

, , , .

(currency) - , , , .

.

1. :

(national currency) , ;

(foreign currency) , .

2. :

(reserve currency) , , 䒺 ;

(freely usable currency) , .

3. :

(hard currency) , , ;

(unstable currency) , .

4. : , , .

(ECU European currency unit)

(European Monetary System) 1979 . - .

:

- 2,25% . 1990 . 6% . . 1993 . , 15%;

- , ;

- (European Monetary Cooperation Fund) .

- (European Economic and Monetary Union) - , , (euro ).

1 1999 . 1 2002 . 11 15 : , , .

:

- 3% , 60% ;

- 1,5 ;

- 2 ;

- .

. , , .

() (exchange rate) , .

.

(currency quotation) .

:

- ; 1$=5,3 .

- ; 1 .=0,1887$.

- - , . 1$=5,3 ., 1$=28,5 . 1.=28,5/5,3=5,3774 . ( ) 1.=5,3/28,5=0,186. ( ). .

:

1. :

- (spot rate) , ( 1 );

(forward rate) , , .

2. :

(nominal exchange rate) , , ;

(real exchange rate) , , ;

() (nominal effective exchange rate (NEER)) , , ;

() (real effective exchange rate (REER)) , ;

3. :

(pegged/fixed exchange rate) , 2,25%;

(limited flexibile exchange rate) , ;

(flexibile/floating exchange rate) , 䳺 , ;

4. :

(clean floating) ;

() (dirty (managed) floating) ;

(optimum currency area) .

(exchange rate band) , .

(crawling peg) , .

.

г (equilibrium exchange rate) , , .

(currency depreciation) .

(currency appreciation) .

(currency devaluation) .

(currency revaluation) - .

: ; ; , , , .

(elasticity of currency demand) .

, :

:

- ;

- - .

:

- ;

- .

- (Marshall-Lerner condition) - () , .

7. ̲̲ ֲ. ̲Ͳ ̲Ͳ Ͳֲ ̲ ϲ² Ͳ ̲ ̲ ²

(economic integration) 䳿 , , . 崳, .

:

1. , .

2. , , .

3. , , , , .

4. . , , .

5. . ϳ , , .

ֳ :

1. . ³ , , .

2. . , , .

3. . .

4. ϳ . .

:

1. (preferential trade agreement). - , .

2. (free trade zone). , , .

3. (customs union). , .

4. (common market). , , .

5. (economic union). , ., , , .

6. . . .

(Jacob Viner) , :

1. (static effects) - , . . .

2. (dynamic effects) , . , , . , , ᒺ .

(trade creation) (), .

(trade diversion) , .

8. ֲ ² 'ʲ. ̲ Ͳ ² Ͳ ̲ ̲ ²

XX . : , - , .

, , , , . ' .

: ; ; , , ; , , ; .

: , , , , .

 





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