, ,
, ;
, , ( 4).
, ;
, ( 4), .
, . , , .
.
.
.
6.3.5
( ).
,
- , .
. (RO2,
H2O) [1, .6-12];
- ( 0,1 ), ;
- , .
6.3.5.1 [1, .6-08]
, ,
- .
, ;
;
- , .
.
6.3.5.2 [1, .6-09]
, ,
- ;
- .
;
;
.
6.3.6 [1, .6-17]
:
;
.
6.4 ,
;
.
6.5
;
.
6.6
;
.
.. ( ; [1, XX]), , .
6.5 [1, 4]
, ;
.
100 , , .
7
( ), , , . . , , ( ) , . , , .
|
|
, . 3.
7.1 ( )
d = 60 ;
S = 3 .
7.2 ( )
Z2 = 3. 7.3 ( )
A = 4400 .
7.4 ( )
S. = 80 .
3
7.5 ( )
S1 = z2S. = 240 .
7.6 ( )
S2 = 225 .
7.7 ( )
l' = 260 .
7.8
.
.
7.9
Z1i = , ;
Z1i = = 16 ;
Z11 = Z12 = Z13 = 16 .
7.10 ( )
lp1 = 4,75 ;
lp2 = 4,375 ;
lp3 = 4,25 .
7.11
H=pd(SlpiZ1i), ².
d ,
lpi ,
Z1i .
H = 3,146010-3(4,75+4,375+4,25)16 = 40,3 ².
7.12
l = l1+ , ;
l = =3,7 .
( ), 0,5 .
7.13 ( )
l' = 4800 ;
l'' = 3950 .
7.14
h = l' = 4800 ;
h = l'' = 3950 .
7.15 [1, .7-16]
7.15.1 :
7.15.2 :
7.16 [1, .7-16]
;
= =14,91 ².
7.17 [1, .7-16]
7.17.1 : ;
7.17.2 : .
7.18 [1, 1-II]
x = 0,72.
7.19 [1, .8-06]
7.20 , [2, .4.2]
, ,
j = 0,987 - ,
Q = - ,
I = - J =1037,48 ( 4, 4);
.
7.21 [1, .6-06]
.
7.22 [1, 11]
h=0,57.
7.23
.
7.24 [2, .4.3]
q.. = hQ , ;
q. = 0,57 = 60,17 .
7.25 , [2, .5.1.2]
;
.
7.26 ,
Q.. = xQ , ,
Q.. = 0,72979,4 = 705,16 .
7.27 (
)
J' = J = .
7.28 ()
J'' = 915 .
7.29 [1, .7-17]
|
|
, C;
C.
7.30 , ( 3)
V.. = 11,738 ³/.
7.31 [1, .7-15]
7.32 ( 3)
rH2O = 0,1194.
7.33 [1, .7-38]
S = , ;
S = .
7.34 [1, 8]
7.34.1
a = 34,6 .
7.34.2 (Z2=3)
z = 0,88;
7.34.3
C = 0,98;
7.34.4
s = 0,94;
7.34.5
a=azCs, ;
a = 34,60,880,980,94 = 28,05 .
7.35 ( , = 1 ) [1, .7-35]
Pn = rP, ;
Pn = 0,25971=0,2597 .
7.36
Pn×S = 0,25970,978 = 0,253 .
7.37 [1, 2]
= 10,5 .
7.38 [1, .7-36]
kpS = (kr)pS = (10,50,2597) 0,10,978 = 0,268.
7.39 [1, .7-35]
= 1- kps;
= 1-e 0,268 = 0,235.
7.40 , P = 3,9
[1, XXIII]
t = 248,84 C.
7.41 [1, .7-39]
T = t + ∆t +273, ,
∆t = 60 C ;
T = 248,84+60+273 = 581,84 = 308,84 C.
7.42
[1, 18]
7.42.1 a
a =172,5 .
7.42.2
= 0,9775.
7.42.3
a = a, ;
a = 172,50,2350,9775 = 39,62 .
7.43 [1, .7-08]
a1 = ζ(a + a ), ,
- [1, . 7-41].
, .
a1 = 1 (28,05 + 39,62) = 67,67 .
7.44 [1, 7-5]
Ψ = 0,8.
7.45 [1, .7-08]
= Ψa1, ;
= 0,867,67 = 54,14 .
7.46
∆t = - t, C;
∆t = 976,24 248,84 = 727,4 C.
7.47 , ( ) [1, .7-02]
Q. = φ(I I +DaI ), .
7.47.1 ( . 4.7)
φ = 0,987.
7.47.2 J = 915 C ( 4, 4)
I = 15635,4 .
7.47.3 Da=0 [1, .XXVII]. :
Q. = 0,987(17736,61-15635,4) = 2073,9 .
7.48
Q = Q. + Q, ;
Q = 2073,9+ 705,17 = 2779,07 .
7.49 , [1, .7-01]
;
.
7.50 [2, .7.3]
dQ = ;
dQ = = 4,7 %.
5%, [1, . 9-29].
8 II
II 4.
4 II
8.1 ( )
d = 38 ; d = 3 .
8.2 ( )
Z1 = 38 .
8.3 ( )
a = 4400 .
8.4 ( )
S1 = 110 .
8.5 ( )
S2 = 77 .
8.6 [1, .7-16]
|
|
8.6.1
8.6.2
8.7 ( )
p = 55 .
8.8 ( 4)
J' = 915C; I'=15635,4 .
8.9 II
( 4, 5)
J'' = 790 C; I''=11580.9 .
8.10 [1, .7-17]
, C;
.
8.11 , ( ) [1, .7-02]
Q = φ(I I +DaI ), ,
Da = 0,015 - II ;
I0 = 423,958 - , t = 30 ( 4, 3).
Q = 0,987(15635.4 -11580.9 +0,015423,958) = 4008.06 .
8.12 ( )
h = 3750 .
8.13 ( )
h = 3000 .
8.14
h3 = 3375 ; h3 = 3000 .
8.15 ()
;
8.16 [1, .7-16]
8.16.1
, 2;
2.
8.16.2
, 2;
2.
8.16.3
, ²,
².
8.17 , II ( 3)
V = 11,815 .
8.18 [1, . 7-15]
, ;
8.19 ( 3)
rH2O = 0,11939.
8.20 [1, 7].
a = azcsc, ;
8.20.1
Cs = 1.
8.20.2 (Z=6)
Cz = 0,96.
8.20.3 J
= 0,98.
8.20.4
a = 41 .
8.20.5
a = 4110,960,98 = 38,57 .
8.21 [1, .7-38]
, ;
.
8.22 ( 3)
r = r2 + rRO2 = 0,11939 + 0,14036 = 0,2597.
8.23 [1, .7-35]
= r = 10,2597 = 0,2597 .
: = 1, .
8.24
S = 0,25970,221=0,057 .
8.25 [1, 2]
= 24,5 .
8.26 [1, .7-36]
ʷ S = (r)зS;
ʷ S = (24,50,259)0,10,221 = 0,14.
8.27 II [1, .7-35]
= 1-e-kps;
= 1-e-0,137 = 0,13.
8.28 ( ) [1, .7-03]
, ,
i = 3299,22 - , = 3,8 t = 435 [1, XXV];
i = .
8.29
;
.
8.30 ( )
[1, .XXV]
t' = 361 .
: t' .
8.31
;
.
8.32 [1, .7-39]
3 = tc + Dt + 273, ;
3 = 398 + 60 + 273 = 731 ;
t = 458 C.
8.33
[1, 18]
8.33.1 a
a = 148 .
|
|
8.33.2
= 0,95.
8.33.3
;
.
8.34 [1, .7-41]
, .
8.35 [1, .7-08]
a1 = x(a+a), ;
a1 = 1(38,57 + 18,397) = 56,97 .
8.36
d = d - 2d, ;
d = 38 - 23 = 32 .
8.37 [1,. 7-16]
;
8.38 [1, .XXV]
J = 0,076204 .
: = 3,85 t = 401,2 .
8.39 [1, .7-15]
;
.
8.40 [1, 12]
a2 = ad, ;
8.40.1 a
a = 1400 .
8.40.2
Cd = 0,98.
8.40.3
a2 = 14000,98 = 1372 .
8.41 [1, .7-5]
y=0,8.
8.42
[1, .7-08]
;
.
8.43 [4, .98]
= pdS1L, 2;
= 92 2.
8.44 [1, .7-B]
8.44.1 ( )
Dt = J' - t, ;
Dt = 915 435 = 480 .
8.44.2 ( )
Dt = J'' - t' , ;
Dt = 790 361 = 429 ;
8.44.3 [1, .7-54]
, ;
.
8.44.4 [1, .7-57]
;
;
;
;
;
.
8.44.5 [1, 19]
y=0,995.
8.44.6
[1, .7-56]
Dt = yDt, ;
Dt = 0,995454 = 451,7 .
8.45 , II [1, .7-01]
;
.
8.46 [2, .7.3]
dQ = ,
dQ = .
2%, II [2, .15.8].
9 I
5.
5
9.1 ( )
d=38 ,
d=3 .
9.2 ( )
z1 = 38 .
9.3 ( )
= 4400 .
9.4 ( )
S1 = 110 .
9.5 ( )
S2 = 150 .
9.6 ( )
h = 2250 .
9.7 ( )
h = 1750 .
9.8 ( )
h. = 1500 , h. = 1600 .
9.9 ()
;
.
9.10 I [1, .7-16]
;
.
9.11 ,
P = 3,9 [1, .XXIII]
;
.
9.12 ( )
i = i +D i , ,
i , . . I- ( . 8.28)
i = 3124,4 ,
D i ,
D i = 83,8 ;
i = 3124,4 + 83,8 = 3208.2 .
9.13 II
.
i = 3208.2 = 3,85 [1, . XXV]
9.14 [1, .9-30]
, ;
.
9.15 ( 4)
J' = 790 ; I' = 14280,22 .
9.16 ( 4)
J'' = 640 ; I'' = 8.965.5 .
9.17 [1, .7-17]
, C;
= 715 .
9.18 [1, .7-16]
9.18.1
;
9.18.2
;
9.18.3
, 2;
9.19 , I ( 3)
V = 11,976 .
9.20 [1, .7-15]
W = , ;
W = .
9.21
9.21.1 [1, .7-54]
Dt = J' - t , ;
Dt = 790 396,26 = 393,74 ;
9.21.2 [1, .7-54]
|
|
Dt = J'' t , ;
Dt = 640 248,86 = 391,14 ;
9.21.3 [1, .7-54]
, ,
.
9.21.4 [1, .7-57]
;
;
;
;
;
.
9.21.5 [1, 19]
y = 0,995;
9.21.6 -
[1, .7-56]
Dt = yDt, ;
Dt = 0,995392,44 = 390,48 .
9.22 [1, 7]
a = azCsC, ;
9.22.1 z2=6 .
Cs = 1.
9.22.2
Cz = 0,96.
9.22.3
= 0,99.
9.22.4
a = 50,5 .
9.22.5
a = 50,50,9610,99 = 47,99 .
9.23 [1, .7.38]
S= , ;
S= .
9.24 ( 3)
r = 0,2562.
9.25 [1, .7-35]
= r = 0,25621 = 0,2562 .
S = 0,25620,463 = 0,1186 .
9.26 [1, 2]
k = 18,5 .
9.27 [1, .7-36]
kps = (kr) ps, ;
kps = (18,50,2562)0,10,463 = 0,219 .
9.28 I
[1, .7-35]
= 1 kps;
= 1 2,710,219 = 0,197.
9.29
, ;
.
9.30 [1, .XXV]
u = 0,065118 .
= 3,85 t = 322,56 .
9.31
;
.
9.32 [1, .7-15]
;
.
9.33 [1, 12]
a2 = ad, ,
d = 0,95 ,
a = 1300 .
a2 = 13000,95 = 1235 .
9.34 , ( ) [1, .7-02]
Q = j(I'-I''+DaII), ,
DaI = 0,015 I;
I = 423,958 - , t = 30 ( 4, 3).
Q = 0,987(14280,22 - 11502,14 + 0,015423,958) = 2748,24 .
9.35 I- [4, .98]
I = 92 2.
9.36
= I + II, 2;
= 92 + 92 = 184 2.
9.37 [1, .7-39]
T = t + Dt + 273 ;
Dt = 25 [1,.68];
T = 322,56 + 25 + 273 = 620,56 .
9.38
[1, 18]
a = a, ;
a = 172,50,930,197 = 31,61 .
9.39
[1, .7-41]
x=1.
9.40 [1, .7-08]
a1 = x(a+a), ;
a1 = 1(47,99 + 31,61) = 79,6 .
9.41 [1, .7-5]
y = 0,8.
9.42 [1, .7-08]
;
9.43 ,
[1, .7-01]
;
.
9.44 [2, .7.3]
dQ = ;
dQ = .
2%, I [2, .15.8].
10
6.
6
10.1 ( )
d = 32 ;
d = 3 .
10.2 ( )
S1 = 80 .
10.3 ( )
S2 = 60 .
10.4 [1, .7-16]
;
.
10.5 ( )
n = 16 .
10.6 ( )
l = 4000 .
10.7 ( )
r2 = 50 .
10.8 [2, .187]
l = ln1 + ln + l' + l'', ,
n1 = 216 = 32 ;
l = pz2 = 3,140,05 = 0,157 ;
n = 64 ;
l' = l'' = 0,5 .
l = 432 + 0,15764 + 0,5 + 0,5 = 139,048 .
10.9
=pdlk2, 2,
k = 16 ;
2 - , .
= 3,140,032139,048162 = 447,3 2.
10.10 , II ( 4)
J' = 640 ; I' = 8965.5 .
10.11 , ( 4)
J'' = 445 ; I'' = 7227.4 .
10.12 ( )
10.12.1 ( )
t. = t' = 142 ;
10.12.2 , t = 142
= 1,05 = 1,053,9 = 4,095 [1, . XXIV]
i = 591,626 ;
10.12.3 [2, .3.2]
, ,
p = 3 % -
.
10.13 [2, .5.1.2]
D = D + D, ,
D = 10,277 + 0,308 = 10,585 .
10.14 , ( ) [1, .7-02]
Q=j(I' - I''+DaI), ,
Da = 0,08 ;
I = 423,958 - , t = 30 ( 4, 3).
Q = 0,987(8965,5 7227,4 + 0,08423,958) = 1748,9 .
10.15 [2, .80]
, ;
.
10.16
= = 3,9 [1, XXIV]
t = 194,5 .
10.17
;
10.18 t = 167,25
= 1,025 = 1,0253,9 = 3,9975 [1, XXIV]
u = 0,001108 .
10.19 [2, .187]
;
.
10.20 [1, .7-15]
, ;
.
10.21 [1, .7-17]
, C;
C.
10.22 [1, .7-16]
= - n(l - 2r2)d, 2;
= 4,41,4 - 16(4 + 20,05)0,032 = 4,0608 2.
10.23 [1, .7-15]
W = , ,
V = 12,484 ( 3)
W = .
10.24 [1, .7-54]
10.24.1
Dt = J' - t , ;
Dt = 640 194,5 = 445,5 ;