.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


1




, ,

, ;

, , ( 4).

, ;

, ( 4), .

, . , , .

.

.

.

6.3.5

( ).

,

- , .

. (RO2,

H2O) [1, .6-12];

- ( 0,1 ), ;

- , .

6.3.5.1 [1, .6-08]

, ,

- .

, ;

;

- , .

.

6.3.5.2 [1, .6-09]

, ,

- ;

- .

;

;

.

6.3.6 [1, .6-17]

:

;

.

6.4 ,

;

.

6.5

;

.

6.6

;

.

.. ( ; [1, XX]), , .

6.5 [1, 4]

, ;

.

100 , , .

7

( ), , , . . , , ( ) , . , , .

, . 3.

7.1 ( )

d = 60 ;

S = 3 .

7.2 ( )

Z2 = 3. 7.3 ( )

A = 4400 .

7.4 ( )

S. = 80 .

 

3

7.5 ( )

S1 = z2S. = 240 .

7.6 ( )

S2 = 225 .

7.7 ( )

l' = 260 .

7.8

.

.

7.9

Z1i = , ;

Z1i = = 16 ;

Z11 = Z12 = Z13 = 16 .

7.10 ( )

lp1 = 4,75 ;

lp2 = 4,375 ;

lp3 = 4,25 .

 

7.11

H=pd(SlpiZ1i), ².

d ,

lpi ,

Z1i .

H = 3,146010-3(4,75+4,375+4,25)16 = 40,3 ².

7.12

l = l1+ , ;

l = =3,7 .

( ), 0,5 .

7.13 ( )

l' = 4800 ;

l'' = 3950 .

7.14

h = l' = 4800 ;

h = l'' = 3950 .

7.15 [1, .7-16]

7.15.1 :

7.15.2 :

7.16 [1, .7-16]

;

= =14,91 ².

7.17 [1, .7-16]

7.17.1 : ;

7.17.2 : .

7.18 [1, 1-II]

x = 0,72.

7.19 [1, .8-06]

7.20 , [2, .4.2]

, ,

j = 0,987 - ,

Q = - ,

I = - J =1037,48 ( 4, 4);

.

7.21 [1, .6-06]

.

7.22 [1, 11]

h=0,57.

7.23

.

7.24 [2, .4.3]

q.. = hQ , ;

q. = 0,57 = 60,17 .

7.25 , [2, .5.1.2]

;

.

7.26 ,

Q.. = xQ , ,

Q.. = 0,72979,4 = 705,16 .

7.27 (

)

J' = J = .

7.28 ()

J'' = 915 .

7.29 [1, .7-17]

, C;

C.

7.30 , ( 3)

V.. = 11,738 ³/.

7.31 [1, .7-15]

7.32 ( 3)

rH2O = 0,1194.

7.33 [1, .7-38]

S = , ;

S = .

7.34 [1, 8]

7.34.1

a = 34,6 .

7.34.2 (Z2=3)

z = 0,88;

7.34.3

C = 0,98;

7.34.4

s = 0,94;

7.34.5

a=azCs, ;

a = 34,60,880,980,94 = 28,05 .

7.35 ( , = 1 ) [1, .7-35]

Pn = rP, ;

Pn = 0,25971=0,2597 .

7.36

Pn×S = 0,25970,978 = 0,253 .

7.37 [1, 2]

= 10,5 .

7.38 [1, .7-36]

kpS = (kr)pS = (10,50,2597) 0,10,978 = 0,268.

7.39 [1, .7-35]

= 1- kps;

= 1-e 0,268 = 0,235.

 

 

7.40 , P = 3,9

[1, XXIII]

t = 248,84 C.

7.41 [1, .7-39]

T = t + ∆t +273, ,

∆t = 60 C ;

T = 248,84+60+273 = 581,84 = 308,84 C.

7.42

[1, 18]

7.42.1 a

a =172,5 .

7.42.2

= 0,9775.

7.42.3

a = a, ;

a = 172,50,2350,9775 = 39,62 .

7.43 [1, .7-08]

a1 = ζ(a + a ), ,

- [1, . 7-41].

, .

a1 = 1 (28,05 + 39,62) = 67,67 .

7.44 [1, 7-5]

Ψ = 0,8.

7.45 [1, .7-08]

= Ψa1, ;

= 0,867,67 = 54,14 .

 

7.46

∆t = - t, C;

∆t = 976,24 248,84 = 727,4 C.

7.47 , ( ) [1, .7-02]

Q. = φ(I I +DaI ), .

7.47.1 ( . 4.7)

φ = 0,987.

7.47.2 J = 915 C ( 4, 4)

I = 15635,4 .

7.47.3 Da=0 [1, .XXVII]. :

Q. = 0,987(17736,61-15635,4) = 2073,9 .

7.48

Q = Q. + Q, ;

Q = 2073,9+ 705,17 = 2779,07 .

7.49 , [1, .7-01]

;

.

7.50 [2, .7.3]

dQ = ;

dQ = = 4,7 %.

5%, [1, . 9-29].

 

8 II

II 4.

4 II

8.1 ( )

d = 38 ; d = 3 .

8.2 ( )

Z1 = 38 .

8.3 ( )

a = 4400 .

8.4 ( )

S1 = 110 .

8.5 ( )

S2 = 77 .

8.6 [1, .7-16]

8.6.1

8.6.2

8.7 ( )

p = 55 .

8.8 ( 4)

J' = 915C; I'=15635,4 .

8.9 II

( 4, 5)

J'' = 790 C; I''=11580.9 .

8.10 [1, .7-17]

, C;

.

8.11 , ( ) [1, .7-02]

Q = φ(I I +DaI ), ,

Da = 0,015 - II ;

I0 = 423,958 - , t = 30 ( 4, 3).

Q = 0,987(15635.4 -11580.9 +0,015423,958) = 4008.06 .

8.12 ( )

h = 3750 .

8.13 ( )

h = 3000 .

8.14

h3 = 3375 ; h3 = 3000 .

8.15 ()

;

8.16 [1, .7-16]

8.16.1

, 2;

2.

8.16.2

, 2;

2.

8.16.3

, ²,

².

8.17 , II ( 3)

V = 11,815 .

8.18 [1, . 7-15]

, ;

8.19 ( 3)

rH2O = 0,11939.

8.20 [1, 7].

a = azcsc, ;

8.20.1

Cs = 1.

8.20.2 (Z=6)

Cz = 0,96.

8.20.3 J

= 0,98.

8.20.4

a = 41 .

8.20.5

a = 4110,960,98 = 38,57 .

8.21 [1, .7-38]

, ;

.

8.22 ( 3)

r = r2 + rRO2 = 0,11939 + 0,14036 = 0,2597.

8.23 [1, .7-35]

= r = 10,2597 = 0,2597 .

: = 1, .

8.24

S = 0,25970,221=0,057 .

8.25 [1, 2]

= 24,5 .

8.26 [1, .7-36]

ʷ S = (r)зS;

ʷ S = (24,50,259)0,10,221 = 0,14.

8.27 II [1, .7-35]

= 1-e-kps;

= 1-e-0,137 = 0,13.

8.28 ( ) [1, .7-03]

, ,

i = 3299,22 - , = 3,8 t = 435 [1, XXV];

i = .

8.29

;

.

8.30 ( )

[1, .XXV]

t' = 361 .

: t' .

8.31

;

.

8.32 [1, .7-39]

3 = tc + Dt + 273, ;

3 = 398 + 60 + 273 = 731 ;

t = 458 C.

8.33

[1, 18]

8.33.1 a

a = 148 .

8.33.2

= 0,95.

8.33.3

;

.

8.34 [1, .7-41]

, .

8.35 [1, .7-08]

a1 = x(a+a), ;

a1 = 1(38,57 + 18,397) = 56,97 .

8.36

d = d - 2d, ;

d = 38 - 23 = 32 .

8.37 [1,. 7-16]

;

8.38 [1, .XXV]

J = 0,076204 .

: = 3,85 t = 401,2 .

8.39 [1, .7-15]

;

.

8.40 [1, 12]

a2 = ad, ;

8.40.1 a

a = 1400 .

8.40.2

Cd = 0,98.

8.40.3

a2 = 14000,98 = 1372 .

8.41 [1, .7-5]

y=0,8.

8.42

[1, .7-08]

;

.

8.43 [4, .98]

= pdS1L, 2;

= 92 2.

8.44 [1, .7-B]

8.44.1 ( )

Dt = J' - t, ;

Dt = 915 435 = 480 .

8.44.2 ( )

Dt = J'' - t' , ;

Dt = 790 361 = 429 ;

8.44.3 [1, .7-54]

, ;

.

8.44.4 [1, .7-57]

;

;

;

;

;

.

8.44.5 [1, 19]

y=0,995.

8.44.6

[1, .7-56]

Dt = yDt, ;

Dt = 0,995454 = 451,7 .

8.45 , II [1, .7-01]

;

.

8.46 [2, .7.3]

dQ = ,

dQ = .

2%, II [2, .15.8].

 

9 I

5.

5

9.1 ( )

d=38 ,

d=3 .

9.2 ( )

z1 = 38 .

9.3 ( )

= 4400 .

9.4 ( )

S1 = 110 .

9.5 ( )

S2 = 150 .

9.6 ( )

h = 2250 .

9.7 ( )

h = 1750 .

9.8 ( )

h. = 1500 , h. = 1600 .

9.9 ()

;

.

9.10 I [1, .7-16]

;

.

9.11 ,

P = 3,9 [1, .XXIII]

;

.

 

9.12 ( )

i = i +D i , ,

i , . . I- ( . 8.28)

i = 3124,4 ,

D i ,

D i = 83,8 ;

i = 3124,4 + 83,8 = 3208.2 .

9.13 II

.

i = 3208.2 = 3,85 [1, . XXV]

9.14 [1, .9-30]

, ;

.

9.15 ( 4)

J' = 790 ; I' = 14280,22 .

9.16 ( 4)

J'' = 640 ; I'' = 8.965.5 .

9.17 [1, .7-17]

, C;

= 715 .

 

9.18 [1, .7-16]

9.18.1

;

9.18.2

;

9.18.3

, 2;

9.19 , I ( 3)

V = 11,976 .

9.20 [1, .7-15]

W = , ;

W = .

9.21

9.21.1 [1, .7-54]

Dt = J' - t , ;

Dt = 790 396,26 = 393,74 ;

9.21.2 [1, .7-54]

Dt = J'' t , ;

Dt = 640 248,86 = 391,14 ;

9.21.3 [1, .7-54]

, ,

.

9.21.4 [1, .7-57]

;

;

;

;

;

.

9.21.5 [1, 19]

y = 0,995;

9.21.6 -

[1, .7-56]

Dt = yDt, ;

Dt = 0,995392,44 = 390,48 .

9.22 [1, 7]

a = azCsC, ;

9.22.1 z2=6 .

Cs = 1.

9.22.2

Cz = 0,96.

9.22.3

= 0,99.

9.22.4

a = 50,5 .

9.22.5

a = 50,50,9610,99 = 47,99 .

9.23 [1, .7.38]

S= , ;

S= .

9.24 ( 3)

r = 0,2562.

9.25 [1, .7-35]

= r = 0,25621 = 0,2562 .

S = 0,25620,463 = 0,1186 .

9.26 [1, 2]

k = 18,5 .

9.27 [1, .7-36]

kps = (kr) ps, ;

kps = (18,50,2562)0,10,463 = 0,219 .

9.28 I

[1, .7-35]

= 1 kps;

= 1 2,710,219 = 0,197.

9.29

, ;

.

9.30 [1, .XXV]

u = 0,065118 .

= 3,85 t = 322,56 .

9.31

;

.

9.32 [1, .7-15]

;

.

9.33 [1, 12]

a2 = ad, ,

d = 0,95 ,

a = 1300 .

a2 = 13000,95 = 1235 .

9.34 , ( ) [1, .7-02]

Q = j(I'-I''+DaII), ,

DaI = 0,015 I;

I = 423,958 - , t = 30 ( 4, 3).

Q = 0,987(14280,22 - 11502,14 + 0,015423,958) = 2748,24 .

9.35 I- [4, .98]

I = 92 2.

9.36

= I + II, 2;

= 92 + 92 = 184 2.

9.37 [1, .7-39]

T = t + Dt + 273 ;

Dt = 25 [1,.68];

T = 322,56 + 25 + 273 = 620,56 .

 

9.38

[1, 18]

a = a, ;

a = 172,50,930,197 = 31,61 .

9.39

[1, .7-41]

x=1.

9.40 [1, .7-08]

a1 = x(a+a), ;

a1 = 1(47,99 + 31,61) = 79,6 .

9.41 [1, .7-5]

y = 0,8.

9.42 [1, .7-08]

;

9.43 ,

[1, .7-01]

;

.

9.44 [2, .7.3]

dQ = ;

dQ = .

2%, I [2, .15.8].

10

6.

6

 

10.1 ( )

d = 32 ;

d = 3 .

10.2 ( )

S1 = 80 .

10.3 ( )

S2 = 60 .

10.4 [1, .7-16]

;

.

10.5 ( )

n = 16 .

10.6 ( )

l = 4000 .

10.7 ( )

r2 = 50 .

10.8 [2, .187]

l = ln1 + ln + l' + l'', ,

n1 = 216 = 32 ;

l = pz2 = 3,140,05 = 0,157 ;

n = 64 ;

l' = l'' = 0,5 .

l = 432 + 0,15764 + 0,5 + 0,5 = 139,048 .

10.9

=pdlk2, 2,

k = 16 ;

2 - , .

= 3,140,032139,048162 = 447,3 2.

10.10 , II ( 4)

J' = 640 ; I' = 8965.5 .

10.11 , ( 4)

J'' = 445 ; I'' = 7227.4 .

10.12 ( )

10.12.1 ( )

t. = t' = 142 ;

10.12.2 , t = 142

= 1,05 = 1,053,9 = 4,095 [1, . XXIV]

i = 591,626 ;

10.12.3 [2, .3.2]

, ,

p = 3 % -

.

10.13 [2, .5.1.2]

D = D + D, ,

D = 10,277 + 0,308 = 10,585 .

10.14 , ( ) [1, .7-02]

Q=j(I' - I''+DaI), ,

Da = 0,08 ;

I = 423,958 - , t = 30 ( 4, 3).

Q = 0,987(8965,5 7227,4 + 0,08423,958) = 1748,9 .

 

10.15 [2, .80]

, ;

.

10.16

= = 3,9 [1, XXIV]

t = 194,5 .

10.17

;

10.18 t = 167,25

= 1,025 = 1,0253,9 = 3,9975 [1, XXIV]

u = 0,001108 .

10.19 [2, .187]

;

.

10.20 [1, .7-15]

, ;

.

10.21 [1, .7-17]

, C;

C.

10.22 [1, .7-16]

= - n(l - 2r2)d, 2;

= 4,41,4 - 16(4 + 20,05)0,032 = 4,0608 2.

10.23 [1, .7-15]

W = , ,

V = 12,484 ( 3)

W = .

10.24 [1, .7-54]

10.24.1

Dt = J' - t , ;

Dt = 640 194,5 = 445,5 ;





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