, , , .
(V = const). () , , (. 81), 12 , 13 . , . .
. 81
53, (dQ = dU + dA) , , , :
(54.1)
( const). () , V , V. (. (52.2)) V1 V2
(54.2)
(. 82).
. 82
(42.5) ,
(54.2) (54.3)
R: (2 1 = l , 1 R=A, . . R 1 1 .
m
( (53.4))
, (54.3). * (= const). 41, :
() , V (. . 60), , , .
(52.2) (42.S) :
= const :
(dQ = dU + dA) ,
. . , , :
(54.4)
, , , .
.
, (52=0) . . , , , . ( ), . . (dQ = dU + dA) ,
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(55.1)
. . .
(52.1) (53.4), (55.1)
(55.2)
,
(55.3)
(55.2) (55.3) :
, /v = g (. (53.8)),
p1 2 V1 V2, ,
1 2 ,
(55.4)
, .
, V p, (55.4)
:
(55.5) (55.6)
(55.4) (55.6) . (. (53.8) (53.2))
(55.7)
( ). (Ne, He .), , I = 3, g = 1,67. (2, N2, O2 .) I = 5, g= 1,4. , (55.7), .
() , V (. 83). , (pV7 = const) , (pV = const). , 13 , , .
. 83
, . (55.1)
V\ V2, T1 T2
(55.8)
, (55.5), (55.8)
, 12 ( , . 83), , . , , .
, , . V , (dT = 0) ¥, (dQ = 0) . , , .
( = const) :
(55.9)
n=(CCp)/(CCV) . , =0, n = 0, (55.9) ; = ¥, n = 1 ; = p, n = 0 , = V, n = ¥ . , .
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