. :
H2O ⇄ + + -.
, 3+. :
2H2O ⇄ 3O+ + -.
+.
, :
. | (1) |
, , () , :
. | (1¢) |
, [2] (H2O) :
(2) |
K W, + -, .
, , + -:
(3) |
, , .
. ( ‑ ), + -. , : 0 1000 300 .
(H2O) 220 1,8×10-16. , (1000 ) 10-7 . , 55,6 , 1 , 10-7 . :
(4) |
, 20-250 = 10-14, pK W = 14 (pK W = -lg K W = -lg10-14 = 14).
, K W , + - , . . .
, 20-250 [+] = 10-3 /, :
+ -, , 20-250:
[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 /.
+ :
:
[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7 /;
:
[H+] > [OH-],
[H+] > 10-7 /; [OH-] < 10-7 /;
:
[H+] < [OH-],
[H+] < 10-7 /; [OH-] > 10-7 /.
, () + -, ( , ).
|
|
() - - ():
, | (5) |
:
. | (6) |
() - .
():
, | (7) |
:
. | (8) |
K W = [+]×[-] ( ), :
,
:
(9) |
t0 = 20-250 pK W = 14 (K W = 10-14), :
pH + pOH = 14 | (10) |
:
: = 7 ( = ),
: < 7 ( < ),
> 7 ( > ).
, + ( ), + ( ). p .
: , - .
+ . .
+, .
- .
, , .
:
CH3COOH ⇄ + + C3COO-.