13.
, , . 44 c, [. (44.12)].
c ( ) c (c ) c . : c = cV V ( 3/), c = (1/ d) c, d ( /3). c , c ( c ) 3/ ( 3/), c 3/.
, (-) , ( ). , c = cV , V ( 3/).
:
1) , c (c ~ 108 107 3/);
2) , c , (c ~ 107 106 3/);
3) , c (c ~ 103 3/).
, - , c , . , J ( - ), ( ). , , .
.
VII , . , , .
, 1913 . , . , (. 94), ev, , a v
. , ' i = ev. , .
m = iS = evpr 2,
r . 2 pr v, ,
m = evr /2 (51.1)
(51.1), , . m , (. 94).
|
|
. 95. |
L = mvr (51.2)
(m ). L . . , m L .
.
(51.3)
( , ).
. , , , , . , .
. , , . S L i ( ).
+ . , 2jL/, . . . .
, . , , . , .
(. 95). . . , . , , , , . , e / m. , , , . (51.3) .
, , , . , , , , , . 180, . . , .
|
|
. , (51.3).
, (51.1) (51.2) L s p ms ,
. . , . , , .
, , .
( to spin ). , , . , () () , .
, .
ħ, h, 2 p:
ħ = h /2 p = 1,05×1034 × (51.5)
, L s = ½ ħ, , ½. , ħ , .
(51.4)
p ms = (e/m) L s = (e/m)(ħ /2) = (eħ /2 m) (51.6)
m = (eħ /2 m) = 0,9271023 / (51.7)
. , .
, ( : ).
, , . .
. . (. 96). (48.8)
. 96 |
a, m . , a 0 p.
,
. 97. |
, , a = 0 p (. 97). .
, , . , , , , . . .
|
|
. , , , , , , , , . .
. (., , . 97), .
14.
, , . , . , , , (. 98). = p m´ B, p m ( L ).
L p m , .
dt L d L,
d L = M d t
d L, , , L,
|d L | = p m sin a d t,
a p m . d t , L,
d t, .
(51.3) ,
w L = eB /2 m (52.1)
w L . , , , , , .
. r ' , , , r ' (. . 98). (. )
(52.2)
, . 98, , . () .
, r ' . (52.2) r '2 . a, . , , , r '
r. , , r ' r ' = r sin wt, w (. 99; ). , , ½ .
|
|
a, ,
(52.3)
, (52.3). (52.2) (52.1) w L (52.3) , :
(52.4)
( , p m ).
. (, ) r 2 , . . .
(52.4) , :
(52.5)
( , , Z).
, (52.1). (52.5), . . , , (52.5), , . (. . ) , . .
, ( ). . (52.5) N A, - . , - c. 1. / = m 0.
,
(52.6)
1010 . , (52.6) 108¸107, .
15.
m , . , . , , , .
, -
(53.1)
, , .
1905 . .
(48.6) W = p m B cos q, q p m . . , , q q +d q,
exp( W / kT) = exp(p m B cos q / kT).
a = p m B / kT (53.2)
, , exp(a cos q).
. , . n /4 p, n , . , , q q +d q, (. 100)
(53.3)
, , q . , , exp(a cos q). , , (53.3) :
|
|
(53.4)
(A ).
, .. ~ 1023 /. 1 . , m 1023 . kT 4×1021 . , = p m B / kT << 1 exp(a cos q) 1 + acos q. (53.4) :
, , , , q 0 p, n:
= 1,
. . , , p mcos q. , (. . ) :
(53.2),
, J H,
(53.5)
( B / H = m 0)
n N A, -
(53.6)
, .
, E3.6) , m << kT. J H, , , m , H J.
c, (53.6), , .
, . c, (53.6).
16. .
, . . , , , , , (, MnAlCu, . .). , . .
( 1010) - , .
. . . 101 ,
( ). ~ 100 / J . . 102 ( 01). , = m 0 ( + J). : = m 0 + const, const = m 0 J .
, . . .
J ( ) . ( 1 . 102) , 01, 12. , ( 2), r, . J r, .
( 5) , , , . . , . . , .
, , , . 123451 (. 102), ( J ). , , ( . 102). , , ( ). , .
, ; , .
, , 1 (. 102) 1 1".
, . . m, (
c) . . 103, . , . / , .. m . ( m) . 2 ( 02 ), . . 103,6 m . , , . . , J m = 1 + J / H J .
B r ( J r), m max . , .
. ( ) . . , , . .
. . - 105 / 105106. , . .
- . . 1928 . (. 51) , ()
. ( ). . () , .
. (. 104), . 10-6 10-5 .
. , , , , , , m . , 1 3 (. 104) 2 4. , , , . . , . ( ) , .
, . . 768 , 365 . , K
(54.1)
q . .
. , , , , .
(, .).
. . .
T n ( ), . . (, , , ) ( ), . , , , .
1831 . , , , . , .
, , , . . d /d t. d /d t . . . 105 1, i 1 . i 1 , 2. i 1 2 . 2 i 2, . i 1 , , . i 2 , 2 , . . , , 2 , , .
, , , , m . , , .
, . , , , . , , , , , , . 2 i 2 (. 105), ( a m p ). , (48.8) 2 , . 2 i 2", m ( a = 0), , 2, .
2 , i 1 . i 2 , , . i 1 . . , , i 2, , . i 1 I, , , , , .
. . . , e i.
e i , . , 12 l (. 106,).
, ( op ). v. (. 106,6).
f ïï
f ïï = qvB (56.1)
( || , ).
,
E = vB
, . 106, . . . . , :
(56.2)
d S = lv d t d t ( . 106, ). , e i l, E l = .
d S d . , , . . . e i, , , , .
(56.3)
, e i d . ( d . , , , .) , (. 106), e i, . 12 , , e i , .
(), 1 2, , 1 . , 1 /, . . , 1 .
, , . , . . ., . , . , (56.1) , , , v (. 108).
u, f ^
f ^ = u (56.7)
(. . 108). , , .
, , , ,
f = f ïï + f ^
d t
dA = f ïï u dt f ^ v dt
( f ïï u , f ^ v ; . . 108). , f ïï = qvB, f ^ = u, , , , .
f ^ v. , 12 , . 108, v, f , f ^, , 12. , . , f
f = f ^ nV = euBnV = euBnlS
n , V = lS p 12, S .
f d t
d A = f v d t = euBnlS np v d t. (56.8)
, d t, :
d Q = e i I d t = e i jS d t,
j . j = nu, (56.2) . . . e i = vBl.
j e i d Q,
dQ = vBlenuS np d t,
(56.8) d A . , , d Q = d A .
. . . , , . . . . . . ( ). . . . . (56.3).
, , . . , , N , . . . , e i . . , ,
(56.9)
. , . , , ,
y = N. (56.10)
, . . , ,
(56.11)
. , N , w (. 109). . . . = B n S = BS cos a, S , a .
y = N = NBS cos a. a a = wt. ,
y = NBS cos wt = y mcos w t,
y m . (56.11)
(56.12)
, . . , .
. .
, . , , .
. 112. |
, . () , . (, ) (. 112), . , . , , . .
. , . , , , . , .
.
. , , , , . , . ( ) .
, , , , . . - ( skin ) . - - . .
i, , y. i y , , . . . .
, . , i y :
y = Li. (59.1)
L .
y i , m , , , . . . m i ( ), , = m 0 m, y i . (59.1) , L i. i y .
, L (. . ) ( m ,) .
, L .
, 1 y, 1 . ().
. , . i , (42.6) (44.24) = m 0 mni. = BS, , ,
y = N = nlBS = m 0 mn 2 lSi (59.4)
l ( ), S , n ( nl , N).
(59.4) (59.1), :
L = m 0 mn 2 lS = m 0 mn 2 V (59.5)
V = lS . (59.5) n N / l,
L = m 0 mN 2 S / l (59.6)
(59.6) m 0 , (, m ). , m 0 .
. . . e S,
(59.8)
L (, , ), e S
e S = L d i /d t (59.9)
(59.9) L . . . . , L = const. L i ( ); , d L /d t (d L /d i)(d i /d t). (59.8),
(59.11)
, d i /d t e S L.
, L = const, 1 / L = 1 (59.9) e S = 1.
, . 115. L e i; , .
, , R, . , d t,
d A = e S i d t = (d y /d t) i d t = i d y. (61.1)
t (L = const), d y = L d i (61.1) :
d A = Li d i. (61.2)
i i , , , :
(61.3)
(61.3) , . . . , .1 , , , (61.3). , , L, i,
W = Li 2/2 (61.4)
[. ].
, (61.3) , . . . 0 i, ,