1. , , , 0,005 ᒺ 0,05 3.
:
mmin (+) = 0,005
Vmin (+()) = 0,05 3
V (+()) ?
(+) ?
min 1(+) ?
pD ?
1. .
V (+(p)) = [ Vmin (+(p))106]: mmin (+) = (0,05 3106 /):0,005 = =1107 3/
2. .
(+) = 1: V (+(p)) = 1 :1107 3 = 1:1107 / 3
3. .
min 1(+) = 1 :1107 3 = 1107 / 3
4. .
pD = lg Cmin 1(+) = lg1107 = 7.
2. BaCl22H2O, 100 794 10, 0,588 100 0,357 10.
:
m (BaCl2(p)) = 794 (BaCl2) = 208 /
= 0,558 M (BaCl22H2O) = 244 /
= 0,357
m (BaCl222) ?
1. BaCl2, 100 .
m (BaCl2) = = 294
2. , 100.
m (H2O) = 794 294 = 500
3. BaCl22H2O, 10. l22H2O, 10, x, :
m (BaCl222) = x .
, x BaCl222, : m (H2O) = 36 x:244 = 0,1475 , (5000,1475 ) .
BaCl2, BaCl22H2O, : m (BaCl2) = 208 :244 = 0,8525 , (2940,8525) .
, :
100 35,7 BaCl2,
(5000,1475 ) (294 0,8525 ) BaCl2.
(2940,8525 ) = ;
100(2940,8525 ) = 35,7(5000,1475 );
=144,4; m (BaCl22H2O) = 144,4 .
3. 1 560 . .
:
m (H2O) = 1 (2) = 18 /
m (KOH) = 560 M(KOH) = 56 /
χ (KOH) ?
χ (H2O) ?
1. .
n (KOH) = = = 10
2. .
n (H2O) = = = 55,5 .
3. .
χ (KOH) = = = 0,1530, 15,30%
4. .
χ (H2O) = = 0,8470 84,70%.
4. H3PO4 38,17%. 1,24 / 3. H3PO4 , H3PO4 9,6580 / 3.
:
w (%)(H3PO4) = 38,17
ρ (H3PO4(p)) = 1,24 / 3
c (f (H3PO4)H3PO4) = 9,6580 / 3
M (f (H3PO4)H3PO4) ?
|
|
1. H3PO4.
c (f (H3PO4) H3PO4) =
M (f (H3PO4) H3PO4) = =
= = 49 /
, M (f (H3PO4)H3PO4) = 49 /; (H3PO4) = 98 /
³, M (f (X) X) = f (X) (X), M (f (H3PO4)H3PO4) = = f (H3PO4) (H3PO4)
f (H3PO4) = M (f (H3PO4)H3PO4)/ (H3PO4)
f (H3PO4) = 49 /: 98 / = ½
, f (H3PO4) = ½. (½H3PO4) = 49 /.
5. 60 40 . , H2SO4 .
1. (%) .
:
m (H2O) = 60
m (H2SO4) = 40
w (%)(H2SO4) ?
w (%)(H2SO4) = m (H2SO4):[ m (H2SO4)+ m (H2O)]100 =
= 40 :(40 +60 )100 = 40,00%.
2. (%) .
:
m (H2O) = 60 M (H2SO4) = 98,08 /
m (H2SO4) = 40 M (H2O) = 18,02 /
χ(%)(H2SO4) ?
χ(%)(H2SO4) = n (H2SO4):[ n (H2SO4)+ n (H2O)100 =
= (40 :98,08 /):[40 :98,08 / +60 :18,02 / ]100 =
= 0,408 :(0,408 +3,330 )100 = 10,91%.
3. ( , 1 ).
:
m (H2O) = 60
m (H2SO4) = 40
b (H2SO4/H2O) ?
b (H2SO4/H2O) = n (H2SO4): m (H2O) = [ m (H2SO4): M (H2SO4)]: m (H2O) =
= (40 :98,08 /):0,06 = 6,797 /.
4. .
:
m (H2O) = 60
m (H2SO4) = 40
h (H2SO4) ?
h (H2SO4)= n (H2O): n (H2SO4)=
= (1000 :18,02 /):(40 /60 ·1000 :98,08 /)=
= 55,50 :6,797 = 8,16.
5. .
: m (H2O) = 60 m (H2SO4) = 40 w (%)(H2SO4) = 40,00 | : ρ 40% 1,303 / 3 |
c (H2SO4) ?
c(H2SO4) = 10· w (%)(H2SO4)·ρ(H2SO4(p))/ M (H2SO4) =
= 10·40,00%·1,303 / 3/98,08 / = 5,3140 / 3.
6. H2SO4 , , ½.
: w (%)(H2SO4) = 40,00
m (H2O) = 60 ρ (H2SO4(p)) = 1,303 / 3
m (H2SO4) = 40 M (H2SO4) = 98,08 /
(½H2SO4) ? M (½H2SO4) = 49,04 /
(½H2SO4) = 10· w (%)(H2SO4)· ρ (H2SO4(p))/ M (½H2SO4) =
= 1040,00%·1,303 / 3/49,04 / = 10,6281 / 3.
6. 20 3 , (AgNO3)=0,40 / 3, 40 3 , (KCN)=0,50 / 3. - , [Ag(CN)2]− 1,0·1021.
:
V (AgNO3) = 20 3
(AgNO3) = 0,40 / 3
V (KCN) = 40 3
(KCN) = 0,50 / 3
K [Ag(CN)2] = 1,0·1021
[Ag+] ?
.
ᒺ 60 3.
(AgNO3) = (0,40·20)/60 = 0,13 / 3; (Ag+) = 0,13 / 3.
(KCN) = (0,50·40)/60 = 0,33/3; (CN) = 0,33 / 3.
|
|
, :
Ag+ + 2CN D [Ag(CN)2].
, .
Ag+ .
[Ag(CN)2] D Ag+ + 2CN
1 | 1 | 2 | |
. | 2 | ||
K [Ag(CN)2] =
[Ag+] = ;
[CN]= (CN)2( (Ag+) );
[CN] = 0,332·(0,13 ) = 0,3320,13 = 0,07 / 3;
[Ag(CN)2] = (Ag+) = (0,13 ) / 3.
Ag+, .
1,0·1021 = ; = 2,65·1020.
г -
[Ag+]=2,65·1020 / 3.
7. +- ( (3)=0,1 / 3) 1,3·103 / 3. .
:
(3) = 0,1 / 3
[H+] = 1,3·103 / 3
K (CH3COOH) ?
α ?
CH3COOH D H+ + CH3COO
[H+] = [CH3COO]= α; a [CH3COOH] = α
K (CH3COOH) = = =1,71105
K (CH3COOH) = α2 (CH3COOH); α= = = 0,0171 (1,71%).
8. - - , 1 3 0,005 0,02 .
:
(Na2SO4) = 0,005 / 3
(H3COOH) = 0,02 / 3
(Na+) ?
a () ?
Na+ .
Na2SO4 " 2Na+ +
1 | 2 | 1 | |
. | (0,0052) | 0,005 | |
[Na+] = 0,01 / 3; [ ] = 0,005 / 3.
, .
.
μ = 3 (Na2SO4) = 30,005 = 0,015 / 3.
Na+ f (Na+)=0,89, a f () = 0,63 ( ).
Na+ .
(Na+) = [Na+] f (Na+) = 0,01 0,89 = 8,9103 / 3;
() = [ ] f () = 0,0050,63 = 3,15103 / 3.
9. p H ( (3) = 0,2 / 3) .
:
(3) = 0,2 /3 K (H3COOH) = 1,74105. (μ =0)
α ?; -?
+ .
3 D + + 3
1 | 1 | 1 | |
. | (α) | (α) | (α) |
[H+] = [3]
, , 3 , [3H] = (3).
[H+] = = = 1,87103
[H+] = 1,87103 /3.
.
,
[H+] = [3] = 1,87103 /3 μ =1,87103.
3.
Δ z 2 = Σ nz 2 Σ mz 2 = 1+10=2
K (H3COOH) = 1,92105.
H+ .
[H+] = = 1,96103.
[H+] = 1,96103 / 3.
CH3COOH.
H = lg[H+] a = lg1,96103 = 2,71
α = = = 9,8103 0,98%
= 2,71
α = 0,98%
10. p H (NH3H2O)=1,0 / 3 , 0,2 / 3?
|
|
:
(NH3H2O) = 1,0 /3 K (NH3H2O) = 1,76105
(NH4Cl) = 0, 2/3
pH1 ? α1 ?
pH2 ? α2 ?
- NH3H2O :
[OH] = = 4,20103 / 3.
-:
α = (4,20103/1,0)100 = 0,42%
p OH :
p OH = lg4,20103 = 2,38
p H :
p H = 14 p OH = 142,38 = 11,62
- NH4Cl:
[OH] = 1,761051,0/0,2 = 8,8105 / 3
NH4Cl:
α = (8,8105/1,0)100 = 0,009%
p OH NH4Cl:
p OH = lg8,8105 = 4,06
p H NH4Cl:
p H = 14 p OH = 144,06 = 9,94
ϳ 1,0 p H 11,62 9,94, 0,42% 0,009%.
11. , p H, 400 3 0,2 / 3 0,3 / 3 100 3 NaOH 0,05 / 3.
:
V (NH3H2O+NH4Cl) = 400 c 3 K (NH3H2O) = 1,76105
(NH3H2O) = 0,2 / 3
(NH4Cl) = 0,3 / 3
V (NaOH) = 100 3
(NaOH) = 0,05 / 3
Δ p H ?
, [NH3H2O] ≈ (NH3H2O) = 0,2 / 3; [NH4Cl] ≈ (NH4Cl) = 0,3 / 3.
- :
[OH] = K (NH3H2O) = 1,76105 = 1,7105 / 3
p OH p H :
p OH = lg[OH] = 1,7105 = 4,93; p H = 14 p OH = 144,93 = 9,07.
- .
:
(NH3H2O) = = 0,17 / 3
(NH4Cl) = = 0,23 / 3
- :
[OH] = K (NH3H2O) = 1,76105 = 1,3105 / 3
p OH p H :
p OH = lg[OH] = lg1,3105 = 4,87;
p H = 14pOH = 144,87 = 9,13.
∆ p H = 9,139,07 = 0,06.
, p H .
12. , (/ 3) , Na2SO4 0,05 / 3
:
BaSO4, (Na2SO4)=0,05 / 3 (BaSO4) = 1,11010
?
:
BaSO4 D Ba2+ +
1 | 1 | ||
. | |||
(BaSO4) = [Ba2+][ ]; 1,11010 = x 2; x =1,05105.
[Ba2+] = (BaSO4). , (BaSO4, H2O) = 1,05105 / 3.
- (Na2SO4)=0,05/3:
Na2SO4 " 2Na+ +
1 | 2 | 1 | |
. | 0,05 | ||
, () = 0,05/3.
(Na2SO4)=0,05 / 3:
|
|
BaSO4 D Ba2+ +
1 | 1 | ||
. | ( +0,05 ) | ||
(BaSO4) = [Ba2+][ ]; 1,11010 = ( +0,05)
- 0,05 , , - 0,05 / 3. :
1,11010 = 0,05; = 2,2109.
, (BaSO4, Na2SO4) = 2,2109 / 3
, , (Na2SO4)=0,05 /3.
= = 4772
³: 4772 , Na2SO4 (Na2SO4) = 0,05 / 3.
13. ( (l)=0,1 / 3), ( (H2S)=0,1 / 3).
:
Ag2S (Ag2S) =6,3 1050;
(HCl) = 0,1 / 3 (H2S) = 1,0107;
(H2S) = 0,1 / 3 (H2S) = 2,51013.
S (Ag2S) ?
+- :
[H+] = (HCl) = 0,1 / 3.
- . Ag2S HCl :
Ag2S() D 2Ag+ + S2
S2 + 2H+ D H2S
Ag2S() + 2+ D 2Ag+ + H2S
(S2) = [H2S] + [HS] + [S2]
= = 2,5∙1018
[S2] = (H2S)∙α2 = 0,1∙2,5∙1018 = 2,5∙1019 / 3
.
S Ag2S, [Ag+]=2 S
(2 S)2∙0,1 = (Ag2S)/α2 = 6,3∙1050/2,5∙1019 = 2,52∙1031
S = = = 2,51∙1016
S (Ag2S) = 2,51∙1016 / 3.
14. p H CH3COONa 0,01 / 3 25o.
:
(3COONa) = 0,01 / 3
t = 25 K (CH3COOH) =1,74∙105
p H ?
Kw =1∙1014
.
CH3COO + HOH D CH3COOH + OH
-:
K (CH3COO) = = = 5,7 ∙ 1010
+- :
[H+] = = = 4,2 ∙ 109 / 3
p H :
p H = lg[H+] = lg4,2∙109 = 8,38.
15. 10 3 , p H 11,10?
:
V (KCN) = 10 3 K (HCN) = 6,2∙1010
p H = 11,10
m (KCN) ?
.
CN + HOH D HCN + OH
.
pH = 7½lg K (HCN)+½lg (KCN);
½lg (KCN) = pH(7½lg K (HCN)) = p H7+½lg K (HCN);
lg (KCN) = 2(p H7+½lg K (HCN));
lg (KCN) = 2[11,107+½(9,19)] = 2∙(0,495) = 0,99
(KCN) = 0,1026 / 3
, 10 3 .
m (KCN) = [ M (KCN)∙ (KCN)∙ V (KCN)]/1000;
m (KCN) = 65,12 / ∙0,1026 / 3∙0,010 3/1000 = 0,0668
m (KCN) = 0,0668 .
16. HCOONH4 0,1 / 3, p H 6,50.
:
(HCOONH4) = 0,1 / 3
p H = 6,50
K (HCOOH) ?
α ?
.
, .
HCOO + + HOH D HCOOH + NH3∙H2O
:
p H = ½ pKw + ½ pK (HCOOH) ½ pK (NH3∙H2O);
½ pK (HCOOH) = p H½ pKw + ½ pK (NH3∙H2O);
pK (HCOOH) = 2∙(p H½ pKw + ½ pK (NH3∙H2O) = 2∙(6,507+2,38) = 3,76
K (HCOOH) = 1,74∙104
:
= =0,0417 4,17%.
17. - 2Fe3++Sn2+=2Fe2++Sn4+, : (Fe3+)= (Sn2+)=0,001/3, (Fe2+)= (Sn4+)=0,1/3.
- :
;
= +0,771 B ( ).
;
;
= + 0,15 B ( ).
0,15 B ;
- - - - .
|
|
, - Fe3+, Sn2+. Sn4+ Fe2+.
= ox Ered = 0,6530,21 = 0,443 B > 0.
18. CuSO4 0,2 / 3 ᒺ c (NH3)=2,0 / 3.
u2+ , , [Cu(NH3)4]2+.
:
c (CuSO4) = 0,2 / 3
V (CuSO4(p)) = V (NH3(p)) K [Cu(NH3)4]2+ = 9,33·1013.
c (NH3) = 2/3
[Cu2+] ?
.
.
(CuSO4)=0,1/3; (NH3)=1/3.
Cu2+- .
Cu2+- :
Cu2+ + 4NH3 D [Cu(NH3)4]2+
1 | 4 |
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ :
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ D Cu2+ + 4NH3
1 | 4 | ||
. | (0,1) | (0,64) | |
[u(NH3)4]2+- (0,1 x) / 3, 4(0,1 x) / 3. [14(0,1 x)] / 3.
K [Cu(NH3)4]2+= ; 9,331013 =
x 0,1 0,6, x (4 x)4 . :
9,33 1013 = ; x = 7,21014.
, [Cu2+] [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 7,2 1014 / 3, .