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. 1. , ,




1. , , , 0,005 ᒺ 0,05 3.

:

mmin (+) = 0,005

Vmin (+()) = 0,05 3

V (+()) ?

(+) ?

min 1(+) ?

pD ?

1. .

V (+(p)) = [ Vmin (+(p))106]: mmin (+) = (0,05 3106 /):0,005 = =1107 3/

2. .

(+) = 1: V (+(p)) = 1 :1107 3 = 1:1107 / 3

3. .

min 1(+) = 1 :1107 3 = 1107 / 3

4. .

pD = lg Cmin 1(+) = lg1107 = 7.

2. BaCl22H2O, 100 794 10, 0,588 100 0,357 10.

:

m (BaCl2(p)) = 794 (BaCl2) = 208 /

= 0,558 M (BaCl22H2O) = 244 /

= 0,357

m (BaCl222) ?

1. BaCl2, 100 .

m (BaCl2) = = 294

2. , 100.

m (H2O) = 794 294 = 500

3. BaCl22H2O, 10. l22H2O, 10, x, :

m (BaCl222) = x .

, x BaCl222, : m (H2O) = 36 x:244 = 0,1475 , (5000,1475 ) .

BaCl2, BaCl22H2O, : m (BaCl2) = 208 :244 = 0,8525 , (2940,8525) .

, :

100 35,7 BaCl2,

(5000,1475 ) (294 0,8525 ) BaCl2.

(2940,8525 ) = ;

100(2940,8525 ) = 35,7(5000,1475 );

=144,4; m (BaCl22H2O) = 144,4 .

3. 1 560 . .

:

m (H2O) = 1 (2) = 18 /

m (KOH) = 560 M(KOH) = 56 /

χ (KOH) ?

χ (H2O) ?

1. .

n (KOH) = = = 10

2. .

n (H2O) = = = 55,5 .

3. .

χ (KOH) = = = 0,1530, 15,30%

4. .

χ (H2O) = = 0,8470 84,70%.

4. H3PO4 38,17%. 1,24 / 3. H3PO4 , H3PO4 9,6580 / 3.

:

w (%)(H3PO4) = 38,17

ρ (H3PO4(p)) = 1,24 / 3

c (f (H3PO4)H3PO4) = 9,6580 / 3

M (f (H3PO4)H3PO4) ?

1. H3PO4.

c (f (H3PO4) H3PO4) =

M (f (H3PO4) H3PO4) = =

= = 49 /

, M (f (H3PO4)H3PO4) = 49 /; (H3PO4) = 98 /

³, M (f (X) X) = f (X) (X), M (f (H3PO4)H3PO4) = = f (H3PO4) (H3PO4)

f (H3PO4) = M (f (H3PO4)H3PO4)/ (H3PO4)

f (H3PO4) = 49 /: 98 / = ½

, f (H3PO4) = ½. (½H3PO4) = 49 /.

5. 60 40 . , H2SO4 .

1. (%) .

:

m (H2O) = 60

m (H2SO4) = 40

w (%)(H2SO4) ?

w (%)(H2SO4) = m (H2SO4):[ m (H2SO4)+ m (H2O)]100 =

= 40 :(40 +60 )100 = 40,00%.

2. (%) .

:

m (H2O) = 60 M (H2SO4) = 98,08 /

m (H2SO4) = 40 M (H2O) = 18,02 /

χ(%)(H2SO4) ?

χ(%)(H2SO4) = n (H2SO4):[ n (H2SO4)+ n (H2O)100 =

= (40 :98,08 /):[40 :98,08 / +60 :18,02 / ]100 =

= 0,408 :(0,408 +3,330 )100 = 10,91%.

3. ( , 1 ).

:

m (H2O) = 60

m (H2SO4) = 40

b (H2SO4/H2O) ?

b (H2SO4/H2O) = n (H2SO4): m (H2O) = [ m (H2SO4): M (H2SO4)]: m (H2O) =

= (40 :98,08 /):0,06 = 6,797 /.

4. .

:

m (H2O) = 60

m (H2SO4) = 40

h (H2SO4) ?

h (H2SO4)= n (H2O): n (H2SO4)=

= (1000 :18,02 /):(40 /60 ·1000 :98,08 /)=

= 55,50 :6,797 = 8,16.

5. .

: m (H2O) = 60 m (H2SO4) = 40 w (%)(H2SO4) = 40,00 : ρ 40% 1,303 / 3

c (H2SO4) ?

c(H2SO4) = 10· w (%)(H2SO4)·ρ(H2SO4(p))/ M (H2SO4) =

= 10·40,00%·1,303 / 3/98,08 / = 5,3140 / 3.

6. H2SO4 , , ½.

: w (%)(H2SO4) = 40,00

m (H2O) = 60 ρ (H2SO4(p)) = 1,303 / 3

m (H2SO4) = 40 M (H2SO4) = 98,08 /

(½H2SO4) ? M (½H2SO4) = 49,04 /

(½H2SO4) = 10· w (%)(H2SO4ρ (H2SO4(p))/ M (½H2SO4) =

= 1040,00%·1,303 / 3/49,04 / = 10,6281 / 3.

6. 20 3 , (AgNO3)=0,40 / 3, 40 3 , (KCN)=0,50 / 3. - , [Ag(CN)2] 1,0·1021.

:

V (AgNO3) = 20 3

(AgNO3) = 0,40 / 3

V (KCN) = 40 3

(KCN) = 0,50 / 3

K [Ag(CN)2] = 1,0·1021

[Ag+] ?

.

ᒺ 60 3.

(AgNO3) = (0,40·20)/60 = 0,13 / 3; (Ag+) = 0,13 / 3.

(KCN) = (0,50·40)/60 = 0,33/3; (CN) = 0,33 / 3.

, :

Ag+ + 2CN D [Ag(CN)2].

, .

Ag+ .

[Ag(CN)2] D Ag+ + 2CN

  1 1 2
.   2
       

K [Ag(CN)2] =

[Ag+] = ;

[CN]= (CN)2( (Ag+) );

[CN] = 0,332·(0,13 ) = 0,3320,13 = 0,07 / 3;

[Ag(CN)2] = (Ag+) = (0,13 ) / 3.

Ag+, .

1,0·1021 = ; = 2,65·1020.

г -

[Ag+]=2,65·1020 / 3.

7. +- ( (3)=0,1 / 3) 1,3·103 / 3. .

:

(3) = 0,1 / 3

[H+] = 1,3·103 / 3

K (CH3COOH) ?

α ?

CH3COOH D H+ + CH3COO

[H+] = [CH3COO]= α; a [CH3COOH] = α

K (CH3COOH) = = =1,71105

K (CH3COOH) = α2 (CH3COOH); α= = = 0,0171 (1,71%).

8. - - , 1 3 0,005 0,02 .

:

(Na2SO4) = 0,005 / 3

(H3COOH) = 0,02 / 3

(Na+) ?

a () ?

Na+ .

Na2SO4 " 2Na+ +

  1 2 1
.   (0,0052) 0,005
       

[Na+] = 0,01 / 3; [ ] = 0,005 / 3.

, .

.

μ = 3 (Na2SO4) = 30,005 = 0,015 / 3.

Na+ f (Na+)=0,89, a f () = 0,63 ( ).

Na+ .

(Na+) = [Na+] f (Na+) = 0,01 0,89 = 8,9103 / 3;

() = [ ] f () = 0,0050,63 = 3,15103 / 3.

9. p H ( (3) = 0,2 / 3) .

:

(3) = 0,2 /3 K (H3COOH) = 1,74105. (μ =0)

α ?; -?

+ .

3 D + + 3

  1 1 1
. (α) (α) (α)
       

[H+] = [3]

, , 3 , [3H] = (3).

[H+] = = = 1,87103

[H+] = 1,87103 /3.

.

,

[H+] = [3] = 1,87103 /3 μ =1,87103.

3.

Δ z 2 = Σ nz 2 Σ mz 2 = 1+10=2

K (H3COOH) = 1,92105.

H+ .

[H+] = = 1,96103.

[H+] = 1,96103 / 3.

CH3COOH.

H = lg[H+] a = lg1,96103 = 2,71

α = = = 9,8103 0,98%

= 2,71

α = 0,98%

10. p H (NH3H2O)=1,0 / 3 , 0,2 / 3?

:

(NH3H2O) = 1,0 /3 K (NH3H2O) = 1,76105

(NH4Cl) = 0, 2/3

pH1 ? α1 ?

pH2 ? α2 ?

- NH3H2O :

[OH] = = 4,20103 / 3.

-:

α = (4,20103/1,0)100 = 0,42%

p OH :

p OH = lg4,20103 = 2,38

p H :

p H = 14 p OH = 142,38 = 11,62

- NH4Cl:

[OH] = 1,761051,0/0,2 = 8,8105 / 3

NH4Cl:

α = (8,8105/1,0)100 = 0,009%

p OH NH4Cl:

p OH = lg8,8105 = 4,06

p H NH4Cl:

p H = 14 p OH = 144,06 = 9,94

ϳ 1,0 p H 11,62 9,94, 0,42% 0,009%.

11. , p H, 400 3 0,2 / 3 0,3 / 3 100 3 NaOH 0,05 / 3.

:

V (NH3H2O+NH4Cl) = 400 c 3 K (NH3H2O) = 1,76105

(NH3H2O) = 0,2 / 3

(NH4Cl) = 0,3 / 3

V (NaOH) = 100 3

(NaOH) = 0,05 / 3

Δ p H ?

, [NH3H2O] ≈ (NH3H2O) = 0,2 / 3; [NH4Cl] ≈ (NH4Cl) = 0,3 / 3.

- :

[OH] = K (NH3H2O) = 1,76105 = 1,7105 / 3

p OH p H :

p OH = lg[OH] = 1,7105 = 4,93; p H = 14 p OH = 144,93 = 9,07.

- .

:

(NH3H2O) = = 0,17 / 3

(NH4Cl) = = 0,23 / 3

- :

[OH] = K (NH3H2O) = 1,76105 = 1,3105 / 3

p OH p H :

p OH = lg[OH] = lg1,3105 = 4,87;

p H = 14pOH = 144,87 = 9,13.

p H = 9,139,07 = 0,06.

, p H .

12. , (/ 3) , Na2SO4 0,05 / 3

:

BaSO4, (Na2SO4)=0,05 / 3 (BaSO4) = 1,11010

?

:

BaSO4 D Ba2+ +

    1 1
.  
       

(BaSO4) = [Ba2+][ ]; 1,11010 = x 2; x =1,05105.

[Ba2+] = (BaSO4). , (BaSO4, H2O) = 1,05105 / 3.

- (Na2SO4)=0,05/3:

Na2SO4 " 2Na+ +

  1 2 1
.     0,05
       

, () = 0,05/3.

(Na2SO4)=0,05 / 3:

BaSO4 D Ba2+ +

    1 1
.   ( +0,05 )
       

(BaSO4) = [Ba2+][ ]; 1,11010 = ( +0,05)

- 0,05 , , - 0,05 / 3. :

1,11010 = 0,05; = 2,2109.

, (BaSO4, Na2SO4) = 2,2109 / 3

, , (Na2SO4)=0,05 /3.

= = 4772

³: 4772 , Na2SO4 (Na2SO4) = 0,05 / 3.

13. ( (l)=0,1 / 3), ( (H2S)=0,1 / 3).

:

Ag2S (Ag2S) =6,3 1050;

(HCl) = 0,1 / 3 (H2S) = 1,0107;

(H2S) = 0,1 / 3 (H2S) = 2,51013.

S (Ag2S) ?

+- :

[H+] = (HCl) = 0,1 / 3.

- . Ag2S HCl :

Ag2S() D 2Ag+ + S2

S2 + 2H+ D H2S

Ag2S() + 2+ D 2Ag+ + H2S

(S2) = [H2S] + [HS] + [S2]

= = 2,5∙1018

[S2] = (H2S)∙α2 = 0,1∙2,5∙1018 = 2,5∙1019 / 3

.

S Ag2S, [Ag+]=2 S

(2 S)2∙0,1 = (Ag2S)/α2 = 6,3∙1050/2,5∙1019 = 2,52∙1031

S = = = 2,51∙1016

S (Ag2S) = 2,51∙1016 / 3.

14. p H CH3COONa 0,01 / 3 25o.

:

(3COONa) = 0,01 / 3

t = 25 K (CH3COOH) =1,74∙105

p H ?

Kw =1∙1014

.

CH3COO + HOH D CH3COOH + OH

-:

K (CH3COO) = = = 5,7 ∙ 1010

+- :

[H+] = = = 4,2 ∙ 109 / 3

p H :

p H = lg[H+] = lg4,2∙109 = 8,38.

15. 10 3 , p H 11,10?

:

V (KCN) = 10 3 K (HCN) = 6,2∙1010

p H = 11,10

m (KCN) ?

.

CN + HOH D HCN + OH

.

pH = 7½lg K (HCN)+½lg (KCN);

½lg (KCN) = pH(7½lg K (HCN)) = p H7+½lg K (HCN);

lg (KCN) = 2(p H7+½lg K (HCN));

lg (KCN) = 2[11,107+½(9,19)] = 2∙(0,495) = 0,99

(KCN) = 0,1026 / 3

, 10 3 .

m (KCN) = [ M (KCN)∙ (KCN)∙ V (KCN)]/1000;

m (KCN) = 65,12 / ∙0,1026 / 3∙0,010 3/1000 = 0,0668

m (KCN) = 0,0668 .

16. HCOONH4 0,1 / 3, p H 6,50.

:

(HCOONH4) = 0,1 / 3

p H = 6,50

K (HCOOH) ?

α ?

.

, .

HCOO + + HOH D HCOOH + NH3∙H2O

:

p H = ½ pKw + ½ pK (HCOOH) ½ pK (NH3∙H2O);

½ pK (HCOOH) = ppKw + ½ pK (NH3∙H2O);

pK (HCOOH) = 2∙(ppKw + ½ pK (NH3∙H2O) = 2∙(6,507+2,38) = 3,76

K (HCOOH) = 1,74∙104

:

= =0,0417 4,17%.

17. - 2Fe3++Sn2+=2Fe2++Sn4+, : (Fe3+)= (Sn2+)=0,001/3, (Fe2+)= (Sn4+)=0,1/3.

- :

;

= +0,771 B ( ).

;

;

= + 0,15 B ( ).

0,15 B ;

- - - - .

, - Fe3+, Sn2+. Sn4+ Fe2+.

= ox Ered = 0,6530,21 = 0,443 B > 0.

18. CuSO4 0,2 / 3c (NH3)=2,0 / 3.

u2+ , , [Cu(NH3)4]2+.

:

c (CuSO4) = 0,2 / 3

V (CuSO4(p)) = V (NH3(p)) K [Cu(NH3)4]2+ = 9,33·1013.

c (NH3) = 2/3

[Cu2+] ?

.

.

(CuSO4)=0,1/3; (NH3)=1/3.

Cu2+- .

Cu2+- :

Cu2+ + 4NH3 D [Cu(NH3)4]2+

1 4  

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ :

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ D Cu2+ + 4NH3

    1 4
. (0,1) (0,64)
       

[u(NH3)4]2+- (0,1 x) / 3, 4(0,1 x) / 3. [14(0,1 x)] / 3.

K [Cu(NH3)4]2+= ; 9,331013 =

x 0,1 0,6, x (4 x)4 . :

9,33 1013 = ; x = 7,21014.

, [Cu2+] [Cu(NH3)4]SO4 7,2 1014 / 3, .





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