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, , , . . , , , .

8.401-80. .

, , .

.

Δ() .

, ..

γ s = Δ ()/

.

( , , ..). γs, .

γ() γs,

Δ () = γ s x.

0 X (X ), , , .. .

, , .

, , , , . . . , γs, , .

Δ () = Δ o = const.

Δo , , .

Δo, :

γ o = Δ o/,

.

8.401-80 , , .

, (, -30 +60 = 60 (-30) = 90 .

γ o, , .

, , 1,0 1%, .

γ () = Δ o/x,

. . .

, γ () γ o ( = ).

= 0,1 10 γo, .

Δ o

γ () = Δ o/x = Δ o/ Δ o = 1 = 100%.

, = Δ o γ () =100%, .

D , .

, D , γ () γ, , , 4, 10 20%.

, .

, , , .

, Δ()

, (*)

Δo , γs .

,

.

( =0) Δo/.

.

, , γ0 = Δo/ ( = 0) γ = γ + γs ( x = ).

, (*),

, (**)

. . x = γ(x) = γ + γs = γ, .

γ(x) , γ(x) , γ γs.

, .

, , 8.401-80, , , , .. γ, ( ) γ , γ .





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