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1. : .

(). , ( ). .: The dark shadows of the trees were becoming longer.

"the shadows", "dark shadows", "the shadows of the trees", "the shadows were becoming longer".

. .: shadow/s; becom/ing; long/er. , . .: [Dq dak Sxdouz qv Dq tri:z...].

, ( ) ( - ), . : ( ), ( ), ( ), ( , ). . :

: night fell; Bobby got worried; the day is done. : saw a light; is smoking a pipe; will meet a friend. : the flood danger; a dominant force; an entrance to the house. : consented reluctantly; shall do in a moment; arrived from abroad; nice in a way; invariably out of place.

, . . .: with curiosity; more daring; not averse; used to stay.

, , [, 1928]. ( ), (- ), (- ). ., : chair/man; brain/wash; some/what; pain/ful; difficult/y; under/clothes; re/form; strong/est; eye/s; awaken/ed; take/s.

, , , , , (. . 3).

 

 

. 3. .

(), ( ) . , , () , , ( ), . .

, (. . 4).

, , (. . 5).

. , ( ). . , (. . 6 7).

. , , , , .

 

 

. 4. .

 

: N , . NP , t , r , nuc , mod .

 

Old Matthews is ready to cooperate, which simplifies matters.

 

. 5. .

 

: S , VP , subj , pred , PredP , pro , V-l , V-f , V-to , A-st .

 

, - in praesentia ( ).

2. , , , , . , .

, , (), . . , , , . , , , , . .


. 6. .

. 7. - .


 

(. ). , in absentia ( ).

, , , , , . , , . , , ( ): , , , , , . , ( ). :

 

 

() , , , X1, 2 , .

-, - ( + 1)/( + 2) , (, , , , .). , , . - .

- ( - ). , (,/2: , help assist aid, etc.), , , ( + 1)/( + 2), , ( ). - . , -, : (.: [, 1975, . 4041]). . , , , , . , , , : , , .

, in praesentia, , , , - , .

3. , - .

, , , , . , , . , , , , , .

, - : , () , .

4. , .

(. valeur), , . , , : , . , . , . , , , . , , .

, , . : . , ( ) , . , : , ("sames") ("differents") ... [Hill, 1958, . 409].

. , , , , . , , , : .

, (, ) : ( ) - ( ).

 

5. , , , , . , , , : , - , , . , , , () , , , , .

- - - , , . , , ( XIX ), , , ( . .: [, 1972]). , , , : - -.

, , : , , , . , ,, , , (. ). .

, , (, , ), , - , ; , .

. - , . .: You won't believe me, you will never believe me now. Peter, I'm going to cry... (I. Murdoch). "She was very isolated," said Calvin. "She was peculiarly isolated, and very near to despair in any case." (I. Murdoch).

-. .: "Look here, old boy," said Grimes, "just you shut up. You're not being tactful. See? Just you keep quiet, and I'll give you all some nice beer." (E. Waugh). "No wonder your father gets cross with you." "How do you mean?" "Well, all these stories you keep on telling no wonder he keeps losing his temper." (K. Waterhouse and W. Hall).

, : ( ) , , . , , , ( , ) . .: "...Well, well, it could be the reason." "That, and your wife Esther?" "Yes, yes, both perhaps..." (A, Paton). Did you hear that? I'm askin you, Sailor Mahan, did you hear what them two graspin rascals said? (S. O'Casey).

, , , - . . , , () , -, - . .: Perhaps I don't blame you for the life you've led, I might possibly have done the same... (G. Gordon).

. - , , - , , : , , , , .

- , .

, - , , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , .

, , , - .

, ( , ), , . , , . , , , , , : , , . .

 

6. , , .

, , , . , , , .

- . , , , - , , : ( , , , ), . , (. , , , , . .), , , , , , .

, . , , , ( singularia tantum pluralia tantum).

, , (, , ) : - , - . - (. , , ) , , , .

, , - , , , - . , , , - ; ad hoc , , , .

, . , , -, . , , , . , .

- , , . - , : I forgot it. I've forgotten it. I forget it. ( : .) is coming, too. will be coming, too. He will come, too. ( : .) Must I leave? Should I leave? Ought I to leave? Am I to leave? ( : ?) The work is done. The work has been done. ( : .) The gun is firing. The gun is being fired. ( : .) Do you understand? Don't you understand? Can't you understand? ( : ?) It very much annoyed Mr. Storm. Mr. Storm was very much annoyed by it. ( : .)

, , - ( , , ; ; - - ; ), , .

 

7. - (. ), . , , . , , , , .

, , , .

, , . , , , , , , . , , . , , , .

,; ( ), - .





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