, . . , , - . . , .
, , , , .
, - "+" "-". . - , - .
. 1.1.
. - () , , .. .
, , ; .
, , , , .
().
I =6,29.1019 .
I I , .. I A I .
. , , , .
:
. 1.2.
(φ)
Q (.) "q", "q" F
F=Eq, E - .
. 1.3. ,
"q" , (W), .
W "q" .
φ=W/q
(U)
().
A = W - W =φ q - φ q = q (φ-φ) = q U
|
|
U
U=φ-φ | U=A/q |
- :
1 B=1 /1
U
- - . 1 = 10-3
- - . 1 = 10-6
- . 1 = 1000 = 103 .