: s p d f g
n = 1, l = 0, n = 2, l = 0, 1, n = 3, l = 0, 1, 2 . , : s- ; : s- -; : s-, p-, d- . , , . : s-, p-, d- .
, n l.
. : 3 , -.
l = 0, ( ), , (s-). l = 1, (-); l = 2 (d-).
m, () . : m = -l 0 +l. , l m (2l + 1) ( l , l +l, 0). , .
l = 0 (s), m = 0, , , s- . l = 1 (p), m = -1, 0, 1. , - . . , , .
, ( ), n2, , , (2l + 1).
:
, n, l m, .. , ,
(s), , . +1/2, 1/2 ( , ).
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,
, . . : 1s1 , (1 ), s- ( s '''' 0 (l = 0), 1 s . . , ? , , . , .
1. .
( ) .
, . , 10-8 , , . :
E(1s)E(2s)E(2p)E(3s)E(3p)E(4s)E(3d)E(4p)E(5s)E(4d)E(5p)E(6s)E(4f)E(5d).
, .
2. .
, .
, . , . , . 1s-:
n l m s
1 0 0 + ½
1 0 0 - ½
: s2, p6, d10, f14. : 2(2l + 1).
3. .
.
, , , - ( - ). , , .
, , . , , . .
I IV
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:
1H 1s1, 2He 1s2.
, . , . .
.
, , . : s- -. .
3Li 1s22s1 7N 1s22s22p3
4Be 1s22s2 8O 1s22s22p4
5B 1s22s22p1 9F 1s22s22p5
6C 1s22s22p2 10Ne 1s22s22p6
, . 8 , , 8 . 1s2 , 2s22p6 - L.
.
, . , 9 . , 18 (2 s-, 6 - 10 d-). . 4s-, , 3d-.
11Na {K,L}3s1 15P {K,L}3s23p3
12Mg {K,L}3s2 16S {K,L}3s23p4
13Al {K,L}3s23p1 17Cl {K,L}3s23p5
14Si {K,L}3s23p2 18Ar {K,L}3s23p6
.
. , 4s- ( ).
19K {K,L}3s23p64s1
20Ca {K,L}3s23p64s2
3d-, . . 21Sc 23V 3d-.
21Sc 1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2
3d 4s, 4 3.
22Ti 1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2
23V 1s2s22p63s23p63d34s2
: 3d- 4s. , , -, . '''' ( 4s 3d), d5 d10 , d4 d9. '''' .
24Cr 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1
25Mn 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2
26Fe 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
27Co 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2
28Ni 1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2
29Cu 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1
30Zn 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2
4p-, . , 3s23p63d10 :
31Ga {K,L,M}4s24p1 36Kr {K,L,M}4s24p6.
, , . , , , , , ; , , , , . . , .
, , :
1. s-, s- ;
2. -, - ;
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3. d-, d- {(n 1)d-} ;
4. f-, f- {(n 2)f-}.