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1.2. Dynamics of the Habitat and Population in the Russian Far East: A Retrospective and Prospects for the Future

At the beginning of the 20th century the leopard inhabited Primorski Krai and the Khabarovsk Krai.In Khabarovsk the leopard was found on the left bank of the Amur River, mainly in the area of the Lesser Hingan mountains(Heptner and Sludskii, 1972). But the area of constant occupation was significantly smaller, and comprised only the southern portion of Primorski Krai, approximately up to a line stretching from the Khanka lake to Olga Bay (Arsenyev, 1914). North of this line only occasional forays by individual animals were observed, from Manchuria up to



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the Lesser Hingan range, Vandashan, Laol-ing, and also in the southern regions of the Ussuriisk Raion (Region). These forays by leopards from Manchuria readied the Trans-baikal area.

At the end of the 19th century the overall habitat of the leopard began to contract due to economic exploitation of the forest and steppe areas of the Prikhankaiskaya plain. These open areas are divided by two large mountainous-forest regions, where the leopard could be found the southern part of Sikhote-Alin and the Eastern Manchurian mountain spur in the western portion of the Primorski Krai. There were undoubtedly links between the two groups, but as humans began to exploit the territory the break between them grew and contacts ceased. As time went on, the western part of the habitat was further divided into two sections: the north-western (the upper reaches of the Kommissarovka River in the Pogranichny and Khankaisky Raions and the south-western (Borisovskoye plateau and the Black Mountains in the Ussuriisky, Nadezhdinsky and Kha-sansky Raions). There was almost no exchange of individuals among these groups. This had a veiy negative effect on the fate of the Sikhote-Alin population, which was totally cut off from the major habitat.

A census of the leopard in the winter of 1972-73 confirmed the presence of three isolated groups:

- in the southern portion of Sikhote-Alin,
where the animals were most often observed
at the shore of the Sea of Japan, but their
numbers were no more than 8- individuals;

- in the western portion of the Primorski
Krai in the upper reaches of the Kommissa
rovka River, where 5-6 individuals were
counted, regularly migrating across the
Russo-Chinese border;

- in the south-western portion of the Pri
morski Krai (Khasansky, western Nadezhdin
sky and Ussuriisk Raions) where 25-30 leo
pards lived.

On the whole, 38-46 leopards were counted in the Primorski Krai in the mid-1970s (Ab-ramov, Pikunov, 1974). The maximum number was registered in the river basins of the Baraba-shevka, Narva, and Poima rivers, wliich formed the basis for the organization of the first national reserve in the Far East dedicated to the preservation of the leopard. The Barsovy Za-kaznik, formed in 1979 with an area of 106,000


10



 


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hectares, surrounded the Kedrovaya Pad Za-povednik (Reserve) in a wide defensive ring, creating, together with it, an extended natural preserve, where any kind of industry or sport was prohibited,

The next census, in 1983-84, showed a complete absence of the leopard in the western Primorski Krai and in southern Sikhote-Alin. The population of south-west Primorski Krai has not changed much, and now comprises 25-30 individuals, approximately 10 of which live near the border with China.

The results of the next three censuses confirmed that the number of leopards in southwestern Primorski Krai remained constant: In the winter of 1990-91, 33-36 individuals were counted; in February 1997, ki 60-70 percent of the territory of the best habitats of the Far East-em leopard, 20-24 individuals were counted, and thus, counting the unstudied areas, the overall population of the was 29-31 individuals (Pikunov, Abramov, Aramilev, Korkisliko, Fomenko). In February, 1998 over the entire territory, including the border areas (370-400 thousand hectares) and using a different method than in earlier years, 40 animals were counted (Aramilev, Fomenko, in print).

There are reports of leopard tracks in the southern portion of Sikhote-Alin, but there is no reliable confirmation of this information, Special research in the winter of 1988-89 failed to establish the presence of leopards in southern Sikhote-Alin.

In the 20th century the natural habitat of the Far Eastern leopard in Russia has been reduced to a catastrophic degree. The animals have disappeared from the Khabarovsk Krai, and the only habitat for the subspecies in the Primorski Krai was divided into three isolated sections, of which two have now ceased to exist. At the present time there is just one region left in Russia where the Far Eastern leopard has been proven to live the extreme south-western portion of the Primorski Krai, bordered on the north and on the east by the Razdolnaya River, on the east and on the south by the Sea of Japan, and on the west by the border with China (Pikunov, Korkishko, 1992). The population of the south-western district has been crowded into a thin strip no wider than 45-50 kilometers, caught between territory that has been subject to human devel-opement and natural or artificial barriers that are all but insurmountable for the animals.




 


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The existence of the leopard in the western part of Primorski Krai and in the south of Sik-hote-Alin is doubtful at the present time, but these territories could become the most viable alternative for a program of reintroducing the leopard to the area, and are in need of preservation.

The total area of the natural habitat of the subspecies in Russia is now 370-400 thousand hectares, and the population is holding steady at 30-40 individuals, of which approximately 10 inhabit the border area with China, beyond our country's boundaries.

The dynamic in the change of habitat and population of the leopard in Russia is highly negative. Even the final refuge of the leopard in Primorski Krai is not being adequately protected. Forests are being cut down, foliage is being systematically burned, roads are being laid or repaired. In a significant portion of the area inhabited by the leopard there is hunting and trapping, and uncontrolled harvesting of medicinal herbs, which is also a great cause for concern. The optimal habitats are being curtailed oak, broad-leafed, black-fir, pine-broad-leafed forests and in their place are scrub forests, inflammable hazel-bush, clover and degraded oak woods, which the predators visit much more rarely.

Nevertheless, the very existence of the southwestern population and the recent relative stability of its numbers are hopeful signs. Given the necessary measures for the protection of the animals themselves, favorable condition of their habitat and their food resources, this group could apparently exist for a fairly long time, although there is no certainty that such a small population can survive for a long period. In order to form a more exact picture of the chances for survival of the leopard in Russia, information is needed on the state of leopard populations in the border areas with China and North Korea. In the long term, the prospects for survival of the subspecies depends on the consolidation of small groups of animals on different sides of national borders.

In the existing situation it is necessary to provide for the development of projects to restore the vanished populations, and this could become the major focus of a long-term strategy for saving the leopard.


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