.


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11.

, . , . , . , , .

, , , . . , .

, , . -

(13.1)

- , i- , q + .

-

(13.2)

- j- . , , ,

 

, .

, . . , (13.1) (13.2) (. 27):

,

(13.3)

q k ; , . , (13.3) , - r k.

, , . . , , , . e 0 b, e 0 , b , . , ,

(13.4)

, ×, e 0 b /2. , b 3.

, . , .

, . . , .

, , .

12.

, + q q , f 1 f 2 (.. 28). , l sin a, . . . qE. , :

(14.1)

.

(14.1), ,

(14.2)

(14.2) , .

 

da, , ,

W,

(14.3)

W = pE cos a + const.

W = pE cos a = pE. (14.4)

const , , . ( ) , () , , .

, , , . f 1 f 2 (. 29). ,

 

, . D = l cos a. , , . , f 1 + f 2, , . , ,

(14.5)

, , (14.2), (14.5). ( a ), ( a ). f (14.4) , . , (14.4) , a (. . ) , , , (14.5).

13.

( ), ( ). .

. , . , , . ( ) , . , DV, ,- , ,

(15.1)

, , , . . .

, (15.1), . p i ×. , -2, . . e 0 .

( )

(15.2)

æ , . ( , , . .) , , . , æ .

, , (15.2) . D V , n D V, n . p i (13.4). ,

 

D V,

.

,

(15.3)

(15.2).

, . . , , . . (15.2).

. .

. .

, . , .

, . .

(15.2).

.

S, (. 30). n + n . ,

 

(. 30) l 1, l 2. S . l 1 S +, l 1, . . +, S l 1 ( . 30 ). nSl 1, + enSl 1. , Sl 2 ( . 30 ). , - enSl 2.

. , S

l 1+ l 2 l . , + . n.

 

, .

, , S ,

 

 

(15.4)

14. .

S 1 S 2, S 1= S 2= S. D x (. 31). , S D x, .

S 1 q 1 = P 1 S (. (15.4)), P 1 S 1.

S 2 q 2 == P 2 S ( 2 S 2).

(15.5)

(f (x, y, z)), P 1 = 2 . , , P 1 2. , , .

, (. 31). P 1 2 D , D. D ¹ 0, S D x

S D x, (D x ):

D x ,

(15.6)

, , y z, r '

(15.7)

= , y = z =0 (15.6) (15.7).

.

(15.5) , , . , . 31. , . S 2 2, . . 2. S 2 P 2 S (S 1 = S 2 = S). S 1 P 1 ( S 1 ), P 1 S. ,

(15.5), , , :

(15.8)

, , : .

(15.8)

(15.9)

, (15.9) , , , z, .

, . (. 32,). ( ) l = l 1+ l 2 (. 30). l , q = enSl ( ). q S, : s = enl. eln ,

(15.10)

, n a (. 32,6). ,

 

Sl cos a . . S , ,

(15.11)

P n . a = 0 P n , (15.10).

(15.11) , . , n , P n > 0 s .. , n , P n < 0 s ' . (15.2) æ ,

(15.12)

E n . (15.12) , (E n > 0), , , (E n <0), .

(15.11) (15.12) , . P n E n , , s .

15.

, . () . , () .

: 0, , , ' .

(16.1)

(16.1). , (15.2) (15.12).(P = æ e 0 E; s = æ e 0 E n)

( ), . , . , q '/ e 0 '. (16.1) :

(16.2)

. . , , . (16.2) q ', [. (15.12)].

, , , , , . , (16.2) (15.9) (), q ', .

:

(16.3)

, , , . D ( ).

(16.4)

(16.3)

(16.5)

r (16.5) :

(16.6)

(16.5) (16.6) : .

= 0, (16.4) D e 0 E (16.5) (16.6) (8.3) (8.4).

(K). (16.5) 1 1 K.

(16.4) (15.2 P = æ e 0 E) ,

(16.7)

(16.8)

. , (16.7)

(16.9)

( D , , )

D, . (5.3) (16.9)

 

(16.10)

(/2).

16. .

D e, .

, . 0, D 0 = e 0 0.

, . 33. s . , . ' = 0. 0 = s / e 0. , ,

(16.17)

= 0.

(16.17). , n = . , (15.12) . (16.17),

(16.18)

, e , .

(16.18) e 0 e,

D = e 0 e E = e 0 E 0. (16.19)

, , e 0, . . D 0. e = 1 D e 0 E 0.

s , (16.17) 0

(16.20)

, , , .

(.33) , . . , , , e 0 , , ε , .

 

, D e 0 0 . . 35 , , . ' , 0 . D , , , D e0 0 . , .

- ' . ' . (. 36). . ( ' ). , 0.

17. .

D ( ), , .

0 (. 37). e 1 e 2 s '1 s '2 . , ,

 

, q '. , , D . , . , , .

, ( ) D .

h, S 1 S 2 (. 37,). . , . (16.5 ) . D , h . D ln S 1, D ln D . D 2n S 2, D 2n D . , , :

D = D ln S 1 + D 2n S 2 = (D ln + D 2n) S = 0.

, D ln = D 2n. , n 1 n 2 . D ln D 2n , ,

D ln = D 2n (17.1)

(16.9 D = e 0 e ) D , e0e,

e0e1 ln = e0e2 2n

,

(17.2)

D. (16.1) = 0 + '.

0 . ', . 37, , , . , :

1t = 2t (17.3)

(16.9 D = e 0 e ) D, e0e,

,

(17.4)

, , D . D .

 

 





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