11.
, . , . , . , , .
, , , . . , .
, , . -
(13.1)
- , i- , q + .
-
(13.2)
- j- . , , ,
, .
, . . , (13.1) (13.2) (. 27):
,
(13.3)
q k ; , . , (13.3) , - r k.
, , . . , , , . e 0 b, e 0 , b , . , ,
(13.4)
, ×, e 0 b /2. , b 3.
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, . , .
, . . , .
, , .
12.
, + q q , f 1 f 2 (.. 28). , l sin a, . . . qE. , :
(14.1)
.
(14.1), ,
(14.2)
(14.2) , .
da, , ,
W,
(14.3)
W = pE cos a + const.
W = pE cos a = pE. (14.4)
const , , . ( ) , () , , .
, , , . f 1 f 2 (. 29). ,
, . D = l cos a. , , . , f 1 + f 2, , . , ,
(14.5)
, , (14.2), (14.5). ( a ), ( a ). f (14.4) , . , (14.4) , a (. . ) , , , (14.5).
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13.
( ), ( ). .
. , . , , . ( ) , . , DV, ,- , ,
(15.1)
, , , . . .
, (15.1), . p i ×. , ∙-2, . . e 0 .
( )
(15.2)
æ , . ( , , . .) , , . , æ .
, , (15.2) . D V , n D V, n . p i (13.4). ,
D V,
.
,
(15.3)
(15.2).
, . . , , . . (15.2).
. .
. .
, . , .
, . .
(15.2).
.
S, (. 30). n + n . ,
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(. 30) l 1, l 2. S . l 1 S +, l 1, . . +, S l 1 ( . 30 ). nSl 1, + enSl 1. , Sl 2 ( . 30 ). , - enSl 2.
. , S
l 1+ l 2 l . , + . n.
, .
, , S ,
(15.4)
14. .
S 1 S 2, S 1= S 2= S. D x (. 31). , S D x, .
S 1 q 1 = P 1 S (. (15.4)), P 1 S 1.
S 2 q 2 == P 2 S ( 2 S 2).
(15.5)
( ≠ f (x, y, z)), P 1 = 2 . , , P 1 ≠ 2. , , .
, (. 31). P 1 2 D , D. D ¹ 0, S D x
S D x, (D x ):
D x ,
(15.6)
, , y z, r '
(15.7)
= , y = z =0 (15.6) (15.7).
.
(15.5) , , . , . 31. , . S 2 2, . . 2. S 2 P 2 S (S 1 = S 2 = S). S 1 P 1 ( S 1 ), P 1 S. ,
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(15.5), , , :
(15.8)
, , : .
(15.8)
(15.9)
, (15.9) , , , z, .
, . (. 32,). ( ) l = l 1+ l 2 (. 30). l , q = enSl ( ). q S, : s = enl. eln ,
(15.10)
, n a (. 32,6). ,
Sl cos a . . S , ,
(15.11)
P n . a = 0 P n , (15.10).
(15.11) , . , n , P n > 0 s .. , n , P n < 0 s ' . (15.2) æ ,
(15.12)
E n . (15.12) , (E n > 0), , , (E n <0), .
(15.11) (15.12) , . P n E n , , s .
15.
, . () . , () .
: 0, , , ' .
(16.1)
(16.1). , (15.2) (15.12).(P = æ e 0 E; s = æ e 0 E n)
( ), . , . , q '/ e 0 '. (16.1) :
(16.2)
. . , , . (16.2) q ', [. (15.12)].
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, , , , , . , (16.2) (15.9) (), q ', .
:
(16.3)
, , , . D ( ).
(16.4)
(16.3)
(16.5)
r (16.5) :
(16.6)
(16.5) (16.6) : .
= 0, (16.4) D e 0 E (16.5) (16.6) (8.3) (8.4).
(K). (16.5) 1 1 K.
(16.4) (15.2 P = æ e 0 E) ,
(16.7)
(16.8)
. , (16.7)
(16.9)
( D , , )
D, . (5.3) (16.9)
(16.10)
(/2).
16. .
D e, .
, . 0, D 0 = e 0 0.
, . 33. s . , . ' = 0. 0 = s / e 0. , ,
(16.17)
= 0.
(16.17). , n = . , (15.12) . (16.17),
(16.18)
, e , .
(16.18) e 0 e,
D = e 0 e E = e 0 E 0. (16.19)
, , e 0, . . D 0. e = 1 D e 0 E 0.
s , (16.17) 0
(16.20)
, , , .
(.33) , . . , , , e 0 , , ε , .
, D e 0 0 . . 35 , , . ' , 0 . D , , , D e0 0 . , .
- ' . ' . (. 36). . ( ' ). , 0.
17. .
D ( ), , .
0 (. 37). e 1 e 2 s '1 s '2 . , ,
, q '. , , D . , . , , .
, ( ) D .
h, S 1 S 2 (. 37,). . , . (16.5 ) . D , h . D ln S 1, D ln D . D 2n S 2, D 2n D . , , :
D = D ln S 1 + D 2n S 2 = (D ln + D 2n) S = 0.
, D ln = D 2n. , n 1 n 2 . D ln D 2n , ,
D ln = D 2n (17.1)
(16.9 D = e 0 e ) D , e0e,
e0e1 ln = e0e2 2n
,
(17.2)
D. (16.1) = 0 + '.
0 . ', . 37, , , . , :
1t = 2t (17.3)
(16.9 D = e 0 e ) D, e0e,
,
(17.4)
, , D . D .