1.
| m | ||
| m | / | |
| m 0 | ||
| n | ||
| N | ||
| N A | 1/ | |
| p | ||
| V | 3 | |
| t | ||
| T | ||
| R | /(×) | |
| k | / | |
| r | /3 | |
| n | 1/3 | |
| v | / | |
| / | |
| / | |
| v | / | |
| f(v) | ||
| u | ||
| f(u) | ||
| ||
| ||
| d | ||
| D | 2/ | |
| l | /(×) | |
| h | × | |
| D p | ||
| s | / | |
| R | ||
| ¢ | ||
| Q | ||
| U | ||
| D U | ||
| c | / | |
| /(×) | |
| /(×) | |
| /(×) | |
| /(×) | |
| g | ||
| i | ||
| S | / |
2.
N A=6,022×1023 1/.
k =1,38×10-23 /.
R =8,31 /(×).
(..)
0=1,013×105 ,
0=273,15 ,
V m=22,41×10-33/.
N L= 0/(kT 0)=2,68×1025 1/3.
3.
| , | , | ||
| (N2) | 0,32 | () | 0,20 |
| (H2O) | 0,30 | (Ar) | 0,29 |
| (2) | 0,25 | (2) | 0,33 |
| (2) | 0,30 |
4.
| s, / | s, / | ||
| ( t =0 ) | 75,6 | ( t =20 ) | |
| ( t =20 ) | 72,8 | ( t =20 ) |
5.
 , /3
| , /3
| , /3
| |||
| 790-820 | |||||
| (20) | 8100-8400 |
6.
|
|
|
, , 0,1%.
 ,
| 
|
 ,
| 
|
 ,
| 
|
 ,
| 
|
 ,
|
|
 ,
|  (4,40)
|
 ,
|  (22,20)
|
| 
|
| 
|
| 
|
| 
|
| 
|
| 
|
7.
| 1012 | 10-1 | ||||
| 109 | 10-2 | ||||
| 106 | 10-3 | ||||
| 103 | 10-6 | ||||
| 102 | 10-9 | ||||
| 101 | 10-12 |
8.
| 
|
9.
| 1. | Aa | 8. | Qu | 15. | Rr | |||
| 2. | Bb | 9. | Kc | 16. | Ss | |||
| 3. | Gg | 10. | Ll | 17. | Tt | |||
| 4. | Dd | 11. | Mm | 18. | Fj | |||
| 5. | Ee | 12. | Nn | 19. | Yy | |||
| 6. | Zz | 13. | Xx | 20. | Ww | |||
| 7. | Hh | 14. | Pp |
