, . , , , (Mullen & Johnson, 1990). , , , . ? , ? ? (Howard Leventhal, 1970) , (Robberson & Rogers, 1988) , , .
, , . (Dawn Wilson & others, 1987, 1988) . , , (, , , ), 8%. , , (, , , ), 30%. , - (Claude Levy-Leboyer, 1988) , , .
. , , (Leventhal, 1970; Rogers & Mewborn, 1976). , (, ), (Maddux & Rogers, 1983). , , , ( ), : , . 1980- . 5000 -
-, : , . . . , , 1979
. ■ 515
, 1984- 1986 , , 14% 39% (Fineberg, 1988).
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, , , (Sherman & others, 1985). , , , , , , (Timothy Brock & Laura Brannon, 1991) . , , , . , , , (Frey & Eagly, 1993). , .
. Der Sturmer - , , . , , , . , , . , ; , - , , (Bootwerk & Brooks, 1980). , .