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.
, . 23 1796 .
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. -
99
,
,
.
, " [. : , 1983, 31].
,
, ,
.
, . ,
,
" " (Zwischenwelt),
.
, , ,
"
", [Weisgerber, 1971].
. , ,
. ,
,
,
,
.
, ,
,
,
.
. ,
, ,
" " ,
[Koller, 1983, 141 142].
|
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, .. ,
- ,
[, 1977, 25].
.
, .
,
,
,
, "
( ) ( )
-
100
. ,
,
.
" [ , 56].
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, ,
.
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,
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,
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-
: " ,
, ,
" [ , 4750].
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,
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,
, , .. , . [, 1968,
44].
, , ,
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
,
. IV,
.
. , ,
: ... ,
() I am like that sometimes just like a child.
()
sometimes.
|
|
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,
./.
.
,
(, .
),
(, . Fast Indefinite Present Perfect):
,
() People have been fed enough sweetmeats to upset their
stomachs. ,
, ,
. () Present Perfect
(have been fed).
( )
,
. , , ,
, blue
. .
: blue
eyes ' ', blue sea ' ', blue sky ' ', blue
cornflower ' '.
,
.
: " , ,
, , -, ,
, " [Koller, 1983, 152].
,
.
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.
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[Kade, 19 71, 26].
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.
,
,
.
A.B.
.. ,
IV " "
: On invente les billets de banque, le bagne les appelle
des fafiots garates, du nom de Garat, le caissier qui les signe. Fafiot!
n'entendez-vous pas le bruissement du papier de soie? Le billet de mille
francs est un fafiot mffle, le billet de cinq cents un fafiot femelle
" , ,
, , !
?
, ".
|
|
|
fafiot
, , . "
,
A.B. ,
,
,
, , ,
" [, 1983, 1231241.
,
, . A.B.
,
, , ..
,
.
" "
: In this book a number of dialects are used, to wit: the Missouri
Negro dialect; the extremest form of the backwoods South-Western dialect;
the ordinary? "Pike-County" dialect; and four modified varieties of the last.
The shadings have not been done in a haphazard fashion, or by guess-work,
but painstakingly, and with the trustworthy guidance and support of
personal famiarity with these several forms of speech.
I make this explanation for the reason that without it many readers would
suppose that all these characters were trying to talk alike and not succeeding.
,
.
. .
V, ,
.
,
(
), (
).
,
-.
. " "
. .. [,
1966]. , ,
,
(
): libentissime
libentissiment; vice versa vice versement.
|
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, "" .
.
,
(, , ). .
,
(, , ).
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, . ,
.
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,
[, 1966, 3844].
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, .
104
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, .
,
,
. , [Catford, 1965,
94103]. (
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.
. , :
Where have you come from? From upriver/ upstairs, from Nijni/lower, and I
didn't come on foot. You don't walk on water.
, ,
: Where have you
walked in from? Fve just come down from Lower. And I didn't walk. You
don't walk on water. w a l k,
, , "". walked
in (out of register). Lower
, ,
, a I've just come down
' ',
[Catford, 1965,9698].
,
. ,
" " A false note! ,
,
, . -
105
|
|
|
note '' '',
" " "
".
,
,
, .
, , ,
.
, ,
.
,
. "
.
I`m late
: Not you, sir. She is.
late . ,
: ? :
, . ( ) .
?
,
, .
?
, . .
, ,
, " [, 1975, 148].
: " ?"
" ".
,
.
" " . : "There is the tree in the middle", said
the Rose. "What else is it good for?"
"And what could it do, if any danger came?" Alice asked.
"It could balk", said the Rose.
"It says 'Bough-wough'," cried the Daisy. "That's why its branches are
called boughs."
bough '' bough-wough '-'
, . ,
, . ,
( ), ,
,
, :
"" , "", ,
,
"" [,
1970, 174176].
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:
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. ...
, .
, ,
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! !"
. .
,
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".
(
, ),
,
[, , 1980, 300301].
.
,
.
, ..
. . . , :
1) ,
(
), 2) ,
" , 3)
,
, ()
[ , 216].
.
" ",
"" " ",
, ,
, (,
') ,
, ('') . .
: , "Ҹ , " (The Trickle and
Dried Up Oil Corporation) [, 1975, 145146].
. . ,
" ",
. , ,
: , ,
.
" (")
, ,
, , , ,
,
[, , 1980, 218]. , ,
, " ",
.
" "
.
. , ,
. : - Slap-Dash,
Strawberry.
,
. ,
,
, ,
.
,
,
. .
"" ("La Chatte") . : "The sun kindles
a crackling of birds in the gardens." ,
: "Le soleil allume un crepitement d'oiseaux
dans les jardins". , . ,
.
crepitement ''
, (, )
. crepitement
, pepiement ''. ,
crepitement pepiement
[Catford, 1965, 102103].
" ".
,
. ,
" ". -
108
[, 1952; , 1958; , 1958; , 1973; ,
, 1980].
, ' ',
,
,
.
dressing-gown ',
', bath robe ' ', house-coat ' , ',
pyjamas '', night-gown' '. ,
, ,
.
kimono '',
.
. "
" ,
: After his bath
he enveloped his still-glowing body in the simple hotel bath-robe and went
out to join his friends in the cafe down the street
,
.
, ,
,
,
. " "
( -
), , .
[Catford, 1965, 100102].
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