, , , . . , , , .
8.401-80. .
, , .
.
Δ() .
, ..
γ s = Δ ()/
.
( , , ..). γs, .
γ() γs,
Δ () = γ s x.
0 X (X ), , , .. .
, , .
, , , , . . . , γs, , .
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Δ () = Δ o = const.
Δo , , .
Δo, :
γ o = Δ o/,
.
8.401-80 , , .
, (, -30 +60 = 60 (-30) = 90 .
γ o, , .
, , 1,0 1%, .
γ () = Δ o/x,
. . .
, γ () γ o ( = ).
= 0,1 10 γo, .
Δ o
γ () = Δ o/x = Δ o/ Δ o = 1 = 100%.
, = Δ o γ () =100%, .
D , .
, D , γ () γ, , , 4, 10 20%.
, .
, , , .
, Δ()
, (*)
Δo , γs .
,
.
( =0) Δo/ =γ.
.
, , γ0 = Δo/ ( = 0) γ = γ + γs ( x = ).
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, (*),
, (**)
. . x = γ(x) = γ + γs = γ, .
γ(x) , γ(x) , γ γs.
, .
, , 8.401-80, , , , .. γ/γ, ( ) γ , γ .