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1. , . , ( ).

. , , ( ), , . , , , - .

, . , , , (un-think-able, some-body . .), , (bread, hill . .). , , , , , .

, . , , , .

 

2. , , , , , , , . , , , - ( , , ), ( ). - , , , , , , () .

, , , , , . -, -,? .

, ().

, , . , [Bolinger, 1977; , 1975, . 220 221]. , , . .

, () , , ( ), , ( .). . , -, , . , , [, 1952]. .: a/crowd; must/do; by/then . . , , , . , , , ( ) , . - , ( , , , , ) ( ).

, , , ( ), (- -). , , , , ..

 

3. : ( ) , ( ). , .

. , , , , , (), . , -, (, ) , (, ). , . , , - ( ).

, ( , ) , , .

, ( ), , . - , , ( , ), . .: over, overall, overly, once-over, pull-over . .

( ) , ( , .: the children's plays, the oxen's yokes).

, , - , - . - , , . .

, + + + () . (W1) underspecialized (. . 8), (W2) refreshments (. . 9).

. . unpremeditatedly (. . 10).

 


 

.8

 

 

.9


. 8. .

 

: W , Si , St , R , r , L , r .

 

. 9. ,

 

St . . . 8.

 

4. , .

, : - -. - , , . - , , . -, (), - .

- . , ( , ), - . .: He/had/never/take/n/more/than/a/fort/night/s/holi/day/in/the/year/for/a/quart/er/of/a/century.

, , : , , . , : ( ); ( ); ( ); ( ) . . , , , .

 

 

. 10. .

 

, . ( ) ( ) .

 

( ) . (. ), . , . , , , () , .

, [-z], [-s], [-Iz] , (-, ; -, ; -, ), , - : - [-Iz] (many houses; Eustace's letter; he excuses); - [-s] (these pets; Ralf's question; he types); - [-z] , (two tyres; Sophy's birthday; he calls).

, , . , [-(q)n] (oxen, children, brethren, kine) [, 1975, . 75 c.].

. ., , [qd'maIq], [,xdmq'r-] ['xdmqr-], admire, admiration, admirable, admirability; [dI'saId], [dI'sIZ-], [dI'saIs-], decide, decision, decisive; [-qbl], [-qbIl-], - probable probability, liable liability . .

: be am is are was were; I me; good better; go went . .

, , , . .

 

5. . .

, , .

, jocund, , -und; rejoinder, , , -d-; children, , -- . .

, , () . , , , (, , ) (, , ).

, , , -. , : , childr - child, children ( ); joind- joiner, joinder, rejoin, rejoinder . .

, (. [-sIst-], [-zIst-]: consist, resist, persist consistence, resistance, persistence). (, ) .

, , . , , ; , , .

 

6. . .

, ; . , , .

, handy ( hand-, ) ( -).

, , , .

, . : 1) [-z, -s, -Iz] ( , , ); 2) [-d, -t, -Id] ( ); 3) -ing ( ); 4) -er, -est ( ).

, ( ), .

: do, be, have, will, shall, would, should, may, might; more, most; to; , - , - .

- , , , , , (, ). , .

, , , - .

 

7. . .

( ) .

dog dogs, . , ( ) ( ). Æ.

, , (, , ) , [, 1970, . 80 .]. , ( ) ( ). , , , .

, , , , , , . , , - , , . , ( , , .) ( , , .). , (, ). , : -, ( ); -, ( ); -, ( ). . , , .

- . , - . , ( ) () . , , , . , . .

( - ), , - .

-, , . , , , , , , , - .. , , ., ( ), , , , - .

 

8. . .

() , , () : , , . , , , .

, , (), , [, 2000].

. . , , , , , , ; ( ), , , , , ( , , ); , , . .

, , (, ), . .

 

9. . ,

() () . , , (.: sing sang sung, man men . .).

, , . , ; , , , ( ) , : - . . .: -, - . . , , , ( ) (. ), , .

( ), , , ; . , , ( ).

 

10. . .

, () , , , . , , : "be... ing" ( : is taking), "have... en" ( : has taken), "be... en" ( : is taken).

, , , , ( ) . , .

( ; . , , ). , , , , , , , , .

 

 





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