, , . , , , (. Dayhoff, 1968, 1969, 1972, 1978*). .
α-, (β- . α- 141 , β- 146. . . α-, , , β-. : α- β- , , , - (Ingram, 1963*).
32.1. | ||
. | ||
α- | β- | |
- | ||
57 | ||
1315 | ||
1617 | ||
1416 | 1820 | |
1516 | 2123 | |
. . . 32.1, , α-, β- . , . . 10 26% (. 32.1).
, . β- 46%, α- 50% (Dayhoff, 1972*).
- . . 32.2 . , . .
|
|
(Dayhoff, 1969*) , , . , , , . , - (PAM-unit accepted point mutations per 100 links, . . 100 ); , . 100 , -, (Dayhoff, 1969*):
- | - |
(Hubby, Throckmorton, 1965*) Drosophila virilis. 10 , (D. virilis, D. americana, D. texana .). 60% . , . ; 2.6% D. virilis, 5.3% D. americana 28.2% D. littoralis.
, -, 4 - Drosophila willistoni 1428 (Ayala et al., 1970; Ayala, Tracey, 1974*). , .
, (I) (Nei, 1972*). . I 0 1; I=1 , , I = 0 (Nei, 1972*).
32.2. . ( Dauhoff, 1969*) | |
- | |
, | |
, | |
- | |
( ) | |
Neurospora | |
( ) | |
Tragopogon . 32.3 (Roose, Gottlieb, 1976*). I, 0.9 (. Gottlieb, 1977*).
|
|
, . . (Nei, 1972*), .
, -, . , (Jain, Singh, 1979*) , , , 15 (Avena).
32.3. (I) Tragopodon (Compositae) (Roose, Gottlieb, 1976*) | |
I | |
T. dubius T. porrifolius | 0.50 |
T. dubius T. pratensis | 0.62 |
T. porrifolius T. pratensis | 0.53 |
, , . : Cyprinodon (Turner, 1974*), Partula (Murray, Clarke 1980*) (. ); Hordeum (Giles, 1984*), Mimulus (Vickery, Willstein, 1987*), Tetramolopium (Crawford et al., 1987*) Chenopodium (Walters, 1988*). , , , .
, . , . (Carson, 1977*), (Grant, 1977*), (Murray, Clarke, 1980*), (Giles, 1984*), (Vickery, Willstein, 1987*).