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. , . , , .

Paramecium aurelia P. caudatum (, 1934*) (Chthamalus Balanus) (Connell, 1961*), , (Lemen, Freeman, 1983; Hairston, 1983*).

, . .

, . Geospiza , , (Lack, 1947; . R. Grant, P. R. Grant, 1982; P. R. Grant, 1986*).

, , , .

, (Muller, 1966; 1970; Whittaker, Feeny, 1971*). , . ( ) (Ovis densis) (Equus asinus) . : , , , (Laycock, 1974; . Monson, Summer, 1980*).

, , (Hairston, 1983*), , , . (Hairston, 1983*) , 67 54 .

(Plethodon jordani) (P. glutinosus). ; . P. jordani P. glutinosus, , . -, P. jordani, , , (Hairston, 1983*).





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