1988 . . . 1 : , , , . , , , 1998 . : , , . 2.
, . , . 1956 ., , 1948 .
. , 1956 1988 ., 1,8%. (6,0%) 1992 ., (Ross Perot), .
1996 . . 16- 2,7%. , . .
6.5.3
. .
1 , . :
/ . . .:
, 2002.
2 . : .. -:
. .: , 2006. . 333.
6.5.
. : , . 1970- . : , 1500 , 320 . .
|
|
( ) ( ), , , () , , , .
. . 95% , . , () ( 18 ) . , , , , , , , , . , .
, .. , , . , 30% . , , ; , . , .
CATI . , : , ( 2000 .), 57% .
6. ,
, () , , . 20-30 ( ), .
. , , , . , ( ) ; (Nn)/N, N . , , N, , , , .. , . .
|
|
. 12 . . , , , .
6.5.4
. -:
, . -, , -, 80- XX .
6.5.
1 (), , . ( . 2), , . . , . , ( , -). . , - , , 3. , .
, , . , , , . , , - , . , , . , , .. , , , . , , ,
1 .
2 Noelle-Neumann E. The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion Our Social Skin.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984 ( . .: - .
. / . . .: -
, , 1996).
? Katz E. Publicity and Pluralistic Ignorance: Notes on Spiral of silence // Public Opinion and Social Change: for Elisabeth Noelle-Newuman/ Eds. H. Baier, H.M. Kepplin-gerand K. Reimann. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1981. P. 28.
6. ,
, , . , : , .
|
|
. -, [-] , , , , , , . 1. , , , , . , , , , , .
, -, , , , . - : - , , .. - ( ). , , , , .
, .
. - : " ", , -
1 Noelle-Neumann E. The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion Our Social Skin. Chicago: University Press, 1994. P. 5.
6.5.
34% . . , 1940 . , " ", . , , 1. . , , - , , ( ).
. , , , , , , ( ). - : , , 2.
, . : ; , ; , ; . , 3.
, , , , .
|
|
1 - . . /
. . .: -, , 1996. . 35.
2 . . 57.
3 Katz E. Publicity and Pluralistic Ignorance: Notes on Spiral of Silence// Public
Opinion and Social Change. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1981. P. 26.
6. ,
6.6
:
, , , , ( , ).
6.6.1
1 40- XIX . ( . -, , ; 1860 . 30 , 4 . ). - XX ., 2 ( 1913 . ,
1 (. reclame . reclamare ).
2 X. --: ,
, , XVIII , ,
, , ,
. .
.
, ,
, (--, X. // /
. . .: , 1997. . 61).
6.6. :
Marketing and Communication). - : , 1920- , 1950- .
, , - , . 40- XX . . , : (Ernst Dichter), , (Herta Herzog), -; . . . AIDA, , ( ):
Attention ()
Interest ()
Desire ()
Action () .
, , , , , . .
. - , . . - , , , XX . , , '. -
|
|
1 McLuchan M. Culture is Our Business. N 4. Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1970. P. 112.
6. ,
, , , : , , 1. : , ( Diamonds forever).
, (rhetoric of democracy), , . . , -, , , , . , , , 2.
. , , , - , , , .
, , () , .
- , . -
1 WilliansonJ. Decoding Advertising. L., 1978. P. 12.
2 Boorstin D. The Rhetoric of Democracy //American Mass Media. Industries
and Issues / ed. by R. Arwanetal. N. Y., 1982. P. 45-51.
6.6. :
: , [ ]. , , , - , .
6.6.2
XX . , , (Arthur Charles Nielsen, 18971980) . , , , , . , .. .
: 95,8, , 1923 . ACNielsen Co, . 1930- . , ( ), ( , ), . - , 1, 1935 . -
1 , , , , .
6. ,
. 1936 . . , 1938 . , 200 . 27 1942 . , .. , , 1946 . 60% . 1950 . Nielsen Radio Index - - .
-1, , : , . , ( ) . , , . , - (-) (- ) , , , , , .
6.6.3
(rating) , , , , -
1 .: .. : : . . . .: , 2004.
6.6. :
( TV) , , , . , (, , ) ( ) , .
( ) , :
;
/ ( );
( , );
, ;
/.
, - (prime-time), , (drive time) , (child time) ..
, , , .
, , - , ( , - , ), , , . - TV-, cookies . -
6. ,
.
6.6.4
, . , , , , , . , , () , , , 3 , .. : ()? , , , . . , ; , () , . - , , , .. , .