.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


, 6




1988 . . . 1 : , , , . , , , 1998 . : , , . 2.

, . , . 1956 ., , 1948 .

. , 1956 1988 ., 1,8%. (6,0%) 1992 ., (Ross Perot), .

1996 . . 16- 2,7%. , . .

6.5.3

. .

1 , . :
/ . . .:
, 2002.

2 . : .. -:
. .: , 2006. . 333.


6.5.

. : , . 1970- . : , 1500 , 320 . .

( ) ( ), , , () , , , .

. . 95% , . , () ( 18 ) . , , , , , , , , . , .

, .. , , . , 30% . , , ; , . , .

CATI . , : , ( 2000 .), 57% .


6. ,

, () , , . 20-30 ( ), .

. , , , . , ( ) ; (Nn)/N, N . , , N, , , , .. , . .

. 12 . . , , , .

6.5.4

. -:

, . -, , -, 80- XX .


6.5.

1 (), , . ( . 2), , . . , . , ( , -). . , - , , 3. , .

, , . , , , . , , - , . , , . , , .. , , , . , , ,

1 .

2 Noelle-Neumann E. The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion Our Social Skin.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984 ( . .: - .
. / . . .: -
, , 1996).

? Katz E. Publicity and Pluralistic Ignorance: Notes on Spiral of silence // Public Opinion and Social Change: for Elisabeth Noelle-Newuman/ Eds. H. Baier, H.M. Kepplin-gerand K. Reimann. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1981. P. 28.


6. ,

, , . , : , .

. -, [-] , , , , , , . 1. , , , , . , , , , , .

, -, , , , . - : - , , .. - ( ). , , , , .

, .

. - : " ", , -

1 Noelle-Neumann E. The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion Our Social Skin. Chicago: University Press, 1994. P. 5.


6.5.

34% . . , 1940 . , " ", . , , 1. . , , - , , ( ).

. , , , , , , ( ). - : , , 2.

, . : ; , ; , ; . , 3.

, , , , .

1 - . . /
. . .: -, , 1996. . 35.

2 . . 57.

3 Katz E. Publicity and Pluralistic Ignorance: Notes on Spiral of Silence// Public
Opinion and Social Change. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1981. P. 26.


6. ,

6.6

:

, , , , ( , ).

6.6.1

1 40- XIX . ( . -, , ; 1860 . 30 , 4 . ). - XX ., 2 ( 1913 . ,

1 (. reclame . reclamare ).

2 X. --: ,
, , XVIII , ,
, , ,
. .
.
, ,
, (--, X. // /
. . .: , 1997. . 61).


6.6. :

Marketing and Communication). - : , 1920- , 1950- .

, , - , . 40- XX . . , : (Ernst Dichter), , (Herta Herzog), -; . . . AIDA, , ( ):

Attention ()

Interest ()

Desire ()

Action () .

, , , , , . .

. - , . . - , , , XX . , , '. -

1 McLuchan M. Culture is Our Business. N 4. Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1970. P. 112.


6. ,

, , , : , , 1. : , ( Diamonds forever).

, (rhetoric of democracy), , . . , -, , , , . , , , 2.

. , , , - , , , .

, , () , .

- , . -

1 WilliansonJ. Decoding Advertising. L., 1978. P. 12.

2 Boorstin D. The Rhetoric of Democracy //American Mass Media. Industries
and Issues / ed. by R. Arwanetal. N. Y., 1982. P. 45-51.


6.6. :

: , [ ]. , , , - , .

6.6.2

XX . , , (Arthur Charles Nielsen, 18971980) . , , , , . , .. .

: 95,8, , 1923 . ACNielsen Co, . 1930- . , ( ), ( , ), . - , 1, 1935 . -

1 , , , , .


6. ,

. 1936 . . , 1938 . , 200 . 27 1942 . , .. , , 1946 . 60% . 1950 . Nielsen Radio Index - - .

-1, , : , . , ( ) . , , . , - (-) (- ) , , , , , .

6.6.3

(rating) , , , , -

1 .: .. : : . . . .: , 2004.


6.6. :

( TV) , , , . , (, , ) ( ) , .

( ) , :

;

/ ( );

( , );

, ;

/.

, - (prime-time), , (drive time) , (child time) ..

, , , .

, , - , ( , - , ), , , . - TV-, cookies . -


6. ,

.

6.6.4

, . , , , , , . , , () , , , 3 , .. : ()? , , , . . , ; , () , . - , , , .. , .





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