4.2
:
: 1892 . , 1894 . . . . , 1895 ., . American Journal of Sociology, 25 . 1905 . . - , , , , - .
4. :
XX . : , . , : , . XX . : 1900 . , , , , , , , . , 1904 ., , , , . , , , , , , .
, , . , (. . ), (X. , . ), (. , . ), (. ) . , , . , XX . , , . 60- -
|
|
4.2. :
.
19201930- (18641944), , , (18641929), 1909 . , , .. , 1. .
4.2.1
(. )
(community) , , , , , ( ). , , , .. , . , , : . , , , , (, . . .), 2.
1 Cooley C.H. The Significance of Communication // Reader in Public Opinion and Communication / ed. by B. Berelson, M. Janowitz. N. Y., 1953. P. 112.
1 Idem. Primary group and human nature//ed. by J. Manis, B. Melzer. Symbolic Interaction: A Reader in Social Psychology. Boston, 1972. P. 158.
4. :
, , , , , . . , , : , , , , . , , , .
, , , . , , .. , . , , , , .
|
|
: , , , , , , . , .
4.2.2
.
4.2. :
1 (1922), , , . , , . , . , , , ( ), 1986 . , 1903 . . , : , ( ) . , , : , , , , , . , , 2 (yellow press). , . XIX . : , : !
1 (. stereos + typos )
, .
2
XIX .,
.. (Yellow Kid).
4. :
4.2.3
(. )
, , , .
1887 ., , , -, ( ). 1898 . : , , 1903 ., . . 1914 . , : ( ), , , .
|
|
. , , , . , : , , , , .. . : , , . .
. -
4.2. :
, , , , . , .. . . , , 1 , .
.
4.2.4
\s -
.
(19021978), .
. (1927)2 , , .
1935 . , , . 1930 1939 . , , , , . (1930) , , -
1 Park R. News as a form of knowledge (1940) // R.H. Turner (ed.). On Social
Control and Collective Behavior. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1967. P. 32-52.
2 Lasswell H. Propaganda Techniques in the First World War. N. Y.: Alfred Knopf,
1927. . .
|
|
4. :
3. , , . () (1935) , , . : , , , , , , . 1930- , : . ( . ) : (1939), , , , .
. , .
1927 ., , .
1. .
2. .
, 1.
1 Propaganda and Communication in World History // ed. by H. Lasswell, D. Lerner, H. Speicr. Honolulu, 1979. Vol. I. P. 4.
4.2. :
1 , , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , , , , , . , , .
, . , .
, , , (, 2, .), .
. , .
. , , .
' (. propaganda . propagare ) . 1633 . VIII .
2 .. .
4. :
, , , . , , , , , , .. , . , .. , , () .
|
|
, : , , .. , , - - . , , , , .
, , , , . .
. :
, ( . );
, .., , , ( );
4.2. :
, .
PR.
1948 . , , . 1. , . , - Five W's. , , , . , .
. (Five W's)
Who says? ( ?)
What says? ( ?) (-)
In which channel? ( ?) - (-)
whom? ( ?)
With what effect? ( ?)
1 Lasswell H. The Structure and Function of Communication in Society // The Communication ofldeas / ed. by L. Bryson. N. Y.: Harper, 1948. P. 32-51.
4. :
. : (1) (?), (2) ( , ?), (3) ( ?). .
.
. (filtration) ( bias) , , , . , - , .
, , , , .. , , ? , , .
1. (, ), , .
2. (), , , .
gate keeper1 as originator (
1 Gate (.) , . Gate keeper , , .
4.2. :
). (). , , , , , . , . , , , , , , , .
, , . , 10% , 1 ( ), . . , .
() -:
1. , ;
2. (, , );
3. ;
4. .
, -
1 White D. M. The Gatekeeper: A Case-study in the Selection of News/Journalism Quarterly, 1950, N 27. P. 383-390.
4. :
, , , , ( ).
, , . - , (news value), , 1.
, (gatekeeping), . 2, , . , case study , . 3, , , , , (news managers), . , , .
(-)
, , XIX XX .
1 .: Galtung J., Ruge M. The Structure of Foreign News / Journal of Peace
Research, 1965, N 1. P. 64-90.
2 Shoemaker P. Gatekeeping. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1991.
3 Berkowitz D. Refining the Gatekeeping Concept for Local Television News /
Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 1990, 34 (1). P. 55-68.