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.: Elias N. Die Gesellschaft der Individuen. Basel, 1939; : Jahrbuch der schwedischen Gesellschaft für Philosophie und Spezialforschung, Uppsala, 1939. 2 . : Social Problems and Social Processes. Selected Papers from the Proceedings of the American Sociological Society. 1932 / Ed.by E.S.Bogardus. Chicago, 1933.

: Ogburn W.F. Social Change. L., 1923. (.56): The publication of the Origin of Species, setting forth a theory of evolution of species in terms of natural selection, heredity and variation, created a deep impression on the anthropologists and sociologists. The conception of evolution was so profound that the changes in society were seen as a manifestation of evolution and there was an attempt to seek the causes of these social changes in terms of variation and selection... Preliminary to the search for causes, however, attempts were made to establish the development of particular social institutions in successive stages, an evolutionary series, a particular stage necessarily preceding another. The search for laws led to many hypotheses regarding factors such as geographical location, climate, migration, group conflict, racial ability, the evolution of mental ability, anf such principles as variation, natural selection, and survival of the fit. A half-century or more of investigations on such theories has yielded some results, but the achievements have not been up to the high hopes entertained shortly after the publication of Darwins theory of natural selection. The inevitable series of stages in the development of social institutions has not only not been proven but has been disproven.... ( , , , . , , ... , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , . , ... ..)

.: Goldenweiser . Social Evolution // Encyclopedia of Social Sciences. N.Y., 1935. T. 5. P. 656ff. ( ). : Since the World War students of the social science without aiming at the logical orderliness of evolutionary schemes have renewed their search for relatively stable tendencies and regularities in history and society. On the other hand, the growing discrepancy between ideals and the workings of history is guiding the sciences of society into more and more pragmatic channels. If there is social evolution, whatever in may be, it is no longer accepted as a process to be contemplated but as a task to be achieved by deliberate and concerted human effort. ( , , . , . , , , , , . ..)

, , , , , , , , . , , , . (Teggart Fr. J. Theory of History. New Haven, 1925. P. 148), ...the investigation of how things have come to be as they are. (... , , 軻. ..)

3 .: Parsons E. . Fear and Conventionality. N.Y.-L., 1914. , , (Sumner W.G. Flokways. Boston, 1907. P. 419): It is never correct to regard any one of the taboos as an arbitrary invention or burden laid on society by tradition without necessity... they have been sifted for centuries by experience, and those which we have received and accepted are such as experience has proved to be expedient. ( , ... , , . ..)

4 (.: Huizinga J. Der Herbst des Mittelalters. München, 1924. Kap. I, S. 239ff.). , ( , , ).

, , , , , , (Daily Telegraph, 12 Febr., 37): Children, especially young children, like agression... They favour action, action and more action. They are not averse from the shedding of blood, but it must be dark blood. Virtue triumphant is cheered to the echo; villainy is booed with a fine enthusiasm. When scenes of one alternate with scenes of the other, as in sequence of pursuit, the transition from the cheer to the boo is timed to a split second. (, , ... , . , . , , . , , . . .)

, , , , , , . (. . 243., . 246247; . : , I, , IV.I1 . 2. . 18 .) , , , , , , , , .

. (Lowie R.. Food Etiquette // Are we civilized?. L., 1929., P. 48): ...the savage rules of etiquette are not only strict, but formidable. Nevertheless, to us their table manners are shoking. (... , . . AP.)

5 .: Judd Ch.H. The Psychology of Social Institutions. N.Y., 1926. P. 105ff. (. 32ff. 77ff.).

6 , (, 1684). 1647 . Oraculo Manuale XVIIXVIII . . , , - . , , , , . raison dEtât. , , , .

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. , Connaître à fond le caractère de ceux avec qui lon traite , ( : . , . ., , 1981. ..), , , : Nattends presque rien de bon de ceux qui ont quelque défaut naturel au corps; car ils ont coutume de se venger de la Nature.... , , , , ... (273). XVII . , . (Hawkins F. Youth's Behaviour. 1646), , , (. 31): Scorne not any for the infirmityes of nature, which by no art can be amended, nor do thou delight to put them in minde of them, since it very oft procures envye and promotes malice even to revenge. (He , , , , . ..)

, , , , , , -, . : Nagir jamais durant la passion. Autrement, on gâtera tout (287). : Lhomme prévenu de passion parle toujours un langage différent de ce que sont les choses, la passion parle en lui et non la raison. , : , (273). : Connaître à fond le caractère de ceux avec qui lon traite (273). : Tous ceux qui paraissent fou, le sont, et encore la moitié de ceux, qui ne le paraissent pas. , , , (201). : Connaêtre son défaut dominant. (225); : Savoir jouer de la vérité. (210). , , , : Lhomme substantiel. Il ny a que la Vérité, qui puisse donner une véritable réputation; et que la substance, qui tourne au profit. . , (175). : Penser aujourdhui pour demain, et pour longtemps. . , (151). : Un Sage a compris toute la sagesse en ce précepte, RIEN DE TROP. , ߻ (82). , , , , : Le JE-NE-SAIS-QUOI. Sans lui toute beauté est morte, toute grâce est sabs grâce... Les autres perfections sont lornement de la Nature, le Je-ne-sais-quoi est celui des perfections. Il se fait remarquer jusque dans la manière de raisonner. . ... , ; . (127). , : Lhomme sans affectation. Plus il y a de perfections et moins il y a daffectation. Les plus éminentes qualités perdent leur prix, si lon y découvre de laffectation, parce quon les attribue plutôt à une contrainte artificieuse quau vrai caractère de la personne. . , ... - , ... (123). , : Faire bon guerre. Vaincre un scélérat, ce nest pas vaincre, mais bien se laisser vaincre. Tout ce qui sent la trahison, infecte le bon renom. ... , ... , , (165). , , . , , . : . : Faire des amis. Avoir des amis, cest un second être... tout ce qie nous avons de bon dans la vie, dépend dautrui. . ... , , (111).

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7 . , I, , IV.II, 1 (. 710).

8 Haskins Ch.H. The Spread of ideas in the Middle Ages // Studies in Mediaeval Culture. Oxford, 1929. P. 92ff.

9 . : , III.I (. 27-38; . 67.). , , . ., , De Amore , . 10 Haskins Ch.H. . cit. P. 94.

11 . , I, , XI.

12 . : , II.

13 La Bruyère. Caracteres, Paris, De la Cour // Œuvres. 1922 Vol. II. P. 237. 64. . 99 : Dans cent ans le monde subsistera encore en son entier: ce sera le même théâtre et les mêmes décorations, ce ne seront plus les mêmes acteurs. Tout ce qui se réjouit sur une grâce reçue, ou ce qui sattriste et se désespère sur un refus, tous auront disparu de dessus la scène. Il savance déjà sur le théâtre dautres hommes qui vont jouer dans une même pièce les mêmes rôles... Quel fond à faire sur un personnage de comédie! ( : , , . , - , . , ... ? ..) , , , civilisation civilité.

Des Jugements: Tous les étrangeres ne sont pas Barbares, et tous nos Compatriotes ne sont pas civilisez. ( , . ..)

14 La Bruyère. . cit. P. 247. 94.

15 Ibid. P. 211. . : Ibid. . 211. 10: La cour est comme un édifice bâti de marbre: je veux dire quelle est composé dhommes fort durs, mais fort polis. ( : , . ..) . 6

16 St.-Simon. . cit. P. 63.

17 . , I, , III ; . 139-140.

18 Ranke L. v. Französische Geschichte. 10, Kap. 3.

19 St.-Simon. . cit. Vol. 22. P. 20-22ff. (1711). , , , . - . . XIV, , -. . , : , , . , . . , , , , . - .

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21 . , I, , VIII.II (. 236.).

. (The Spectator. 1807. Vol. V. 373): If I was put to define Modesty, I would call it, The reflection of an ingenuous Mind, either when a Man has committed an Action for which he censures himself, or fancies that he is exposed to the Censure of others ( , , , , , . ..). . .

22 . , I, , IV.II. 2 (. 189.).

23 . , I, , XI (. 286.).

24 . , I, , IV.II. 1 (. 177.).

25 . . , habitus'y . , . , ( ) .

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26 . , I: , I.IV (. 71.); , III (. 136.); . 1 III (. 145148).

. : Loewe A. The Price of Liberty. L. P. 31. : The educated German of the classical and post-classical period is a dual being. In public life he stands in the place which authority has decreed for him, and fills it in the double capacity of superior and subordinate with complete devotion to duty. In private life he may be a critical intellectual or an emotional romantic... This educational system has come to grief in the attempt to achieve a fusion of the bureaucratic and humanist ideals. It has in reality created the introverted specialist, unsurpassed in abstract speculation and in formal organization, but incapable of shaping a real world out of his theoretical ideas. The English educational ideal does not know this cleavage between the world within and the world without.... ( . , , . ... . -, , . .... ..)

27 . : , III.I (. 2738; . 67.).

28 . , . 99. . 103 .

, . , . , , , - , , , , , . , , . - , , , . , , , . , , (. , , III.I, . 41-54, 60-67). , .. , , , .

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29 . , . 154156. : Macleod W.C. The Origin and History of Politics. P. 139ff.

30 . , . 106 .

31 . , , V; . 279.

32 . , . 242-243, . 260-261, . 297.

33 . , . 259., 267., 270272, 292., , VI. . : Parsons E. . Fear and Conventionality. (. XIII): Conventionality rests upon an apprehensive state of mind... ( .... ..), (.73): Table manners are, I suppose, one of our most marked class distinctios ( , , . ..). . (James W. Principles of Psychology. N.Y., 1890. P.121): Habit is the enormous fly-wheel of society, its most precious conservative agent. It alone is what keeps us all within the bounds of ordinance, and saves the children of fortune from the envious uprisings of the poor. It alone prevents the hardest and most repulsive walks of life from being deserted by those brought up to tread therein. ( , . , . , . ..).

, , . ., , (Sumner W.G. Folkways. Boston, 1907. P. 418): When, therefore, the ethnographers apply condemnatory or depreciatory adjectives to the people whom they study, they beg the most important question which we want to invesigate: that is, what are standards, codes, and ideas of chastity, decency, propriety, modesty etc. and whence do they arise? The ethnographical facts contain the answer to this question, but in order to reach it we want a colorless report of the facts. (, , , : , , , , , .. ? , , . ..) , , .

(Judd Ch.H. The Psychology of Social Institutions. N.Y., 1926. P. 276) , : This chapter will aim to prove that the types of personal emotions which are known to be civilized men are products of an evolution in which emotions have taken a new direction... The instruments and means of this adaptation are the institutions, some of which have been described in foregoing chapters. Each institution as it has become established has developed in all individuals who come under its influence a mode of behavior and emotional attitude which conform to the institution. The new mode of behavior and the new emotional attitude could not have been perfected until the institution itself was created. The effort of individuals to adapt themselves to institutional demands results in what may be properly described as a wholly new group of pleasures and displeasures. ( , , ... , . . , .

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